- 01.000 Chapter 1: Referring to people and things
- 01.001 Introduction to the noun group
- 01.002 position in clause
- 01.003 common nouns and proper nouns
- 01.004 determiners with common nouns
- 01.005 personal and demonstrative pronouns
- 01.006 indefinite pronouns
- 01.007 noun group choice
- 01.008 modifiers and qualifiers
- 01.009 modifiers
- 01.010 qualifiers
- 01.012 coordination
- 01.013 numbers and quantifiers
- 01.014 Identifying people and things: nouns
- 01.015 capital letters
- 01.016 Things which can be counted: count nouns
- 01.017 noun-verb agreement
- 01.018 use of determiners
- 01.019 list of count nouns
- 01.020 singular and plural forms
- 01.021 same form for singular and plural
- 01.022 singular form with plural meaning
- 01.023 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 01.024 Things not usually counted: uncount nouns
- 01.025 noun-verb agreement
- 01.026 list of uncount nouns
- 01.027 WARNING
- 01.028 quantifying
- 01.029 mass nouns
- 01.032 list of mass nouns
- 01.033 nouns that are uncount and count
- 01.034 uncount nouns ending in '-s'
- 01.035 When there is only one of something: singular nouns
- 01.036 noun-verb agreement
- 01.037 things that are unique
- 01.038 using the context
- 01.039 used with delexical verbs
- 01.040 singular noun structures
- 01.041 USAGE NOTE
- 01.042 Referring to more than one thing: plural nouns
- 01.043 noun-verb agreement
- 01.044 use with modifiers and qualifiers
- 01.045 with or without determiners
- 01.046 other modifiers and qualifiers
- 01.047 typical meanings: clothes and tools
- 01.048 Referring to groups: collective nouns
- 01.049 singular or plural verb
- 01.050 USAGE NOTE
- 01.051 WARNING
- 01.052 list of collective nouns
- 01.053 Referring to people and things by name: proper nouns
- 01.055 relationship nouns
- 01.056 titles
- 01.057 titles used without names
- 01.058 titles used as count nouns
- 01.059 other proper nouns
- 01.060 Nouns which are rarely used alone
- 01.061 used with modifiers
- 01.062 used with qualifiers
- 01.063 always used with modifiers
- 01.064 always used with possessives
- 01.065 metaphorical uses
- 01.066 list of nouns which are rarely used alone
- 01.067 Sharing the same quality: adjectives as headwords
- 01.068 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 01.069 noun-verb agreement
- 01.070 being more specific
- 01.071 qualities
- 01.072 colours
- 01.073 USAGE NOTE
- 01.074 Nouns referring to males or females
- 01.075 '-ess' and '-woman'
- 01.076 '-man' and '-person'
- 01.077 USAGE NOTE
- 01.078 Referring to activities and processes: '-ing' nouns
- 01.079 uncount nouns
- 01.081 used with adjectives
- 01.083 count nouns
- 01.084 Specifying more exactly: compound nouns
- 01.085 use of hyphens
- 01.086 lists of compound nouns
- 01.090 composition of compound nouns
- 01.091 USAGE NOTE
- 01.092 plural forms
- 01.094 Referring to people and things without naming them: pronouns
- 01.095 types of pronoun
- 01.096 Referring to people and things: personal pronouns
- 01.097 subject pronouns
- 01.098 'I'
- 01.099 'you'
- 01.100 'he' and 'she'
- 01.101 'it'
- 01.102 'we'
- 01.103 'they'
- 01.104 object pronouns
- 01.105 position in clause
- 01.107 USAGE NOTE
- 01.108 USAGE NOTE
- 01.109 'one' as a personal pronoun
- 01.110 Mentioning possession: possessive pronouns
- 01.112 typical use
- 01.113 used with 'of'
- 01.115 Referring back to the subject: reflexive pronouns
- 01.116 WARNING
- 01.117 used as object
- 01.118 WARNING
- 01.119 used as objects of prepositions
- 01.120 used for emphasis or contrast
- 01.123 Referring to a particular person or thing: demonstrative pronouns
- 01.124 'this' and 'that'
- 01.126 'these' and 'those'
- 01.127 Referring to people and things in a general way: indefinite pronouns
- 01.128 used only with singular verbs
- 01.129 referring to things
- 01.130 referring to people
- 01.131 used with personal pronouns
- 01.132 USAGE NOTE
- 01.133 's
- 01.134 WARNING
- 01.135 qualifiers
- 01.136 use of adjectives
- 01.137 used with 'else'
- 01.138 structures used with 'some-' and 'every-'
- 01.139 structures used with 'any-'
- 01.140 structures used with 'no-'
- 01.141 Showing that two people do the same thing: reciprocal pronouns
- 01.143 'each' as subject
- 01.144 's
- 01.145 Joining clauses together: relative pronouns
- 01.146 'who' and 'whom'
- 01.147 'which'
- 01.148 'that'
- 01.149 'whose'
- 01.150 Asking questions: interrogative pronouns
- 01.152 reported questions
- 01.153 Other pronouns
- 01.155 'all', 'both', and 'each' for emphasis
- 01.156 numbers
- 01.157 other pronouns
- 01.161 Identifying what you are talking about: determiners
- 01.162 The specific way: using 'the'
- 01.164 pronouncing 'the'
- 01.165 'the' with a noun
- 01.166 nouns referring to one thing only
- 01.167 specific places and organizations
- 01.168 generalizing
- 01.169 formal generalizations
- 01.170 USAGE NOTE
- 01.171 referring back
- 01.172 things connected with what has been mentioned
- 01.173 'the' with longer noun groups
- 01.174 adding modifiers
- 01.175 modifiers: specifying or expanding
- 01.176 adding qualifiers
- 01.177 'the' with uncount nouns
- 01.178 superlatives
- 01.179 emphasizing 'the'
- 01.180 'the' with general determiners
- 01.181 'the' with numbers
- 01.182 The specific way: using 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those'
- 01.183 'this' and 'these'
- 01.185 'that' and 'those'
- 01.187 USAGE NOTE
- 01.190 using 'those' instead of 'the'
- 01.191 informal use of 'this' and 'these'
- 01.192 The specific way: using possessive determiners
- 01.193 table of possessive determiners
- 01.194 WARNING
- 01.195 position
- 01.196 WARNING
- 01.197 agreement with noun
- 01.198 use of 'own'
- 01.199 uses of possessives
- 01.202 USAGE NOTE
- 01.205 WARNING
- 01.206 other possessives
- 01.207 used in titles
- 01.208 The general way
- 01.209 with count nouns
- 01.210 with uncount nouns
- 01.211 WARNING
- 01.212 using nouns without determiners
- 01.213 The general way: using 'a' and 'an'
- 01.214 choosing 'a' or 'an'
- 01.215 mentioning things for the first time
- 01.216 adding modifiers and qualifiers
- 01.217 complements of link verbs
- 01.218 'a' and 'an' with uncount nouns
- 01.219 using individuals to generalize
- 01.220 nouns referring to one thing only
- 01.221 The general way: other determiners
- 01.224 'any'
- 01.225 'another' and 'other'
- 01.226 selecting from a group
- 01.227 'all', 'both', and 'either'
- 01.228 'each' and 'every'
- 01.229 'little' and 'much'
- 01.230 'certain', 'numerous', 'various'
- 01.231 'more', 'few', 'less'
- 01.232 other expressions
- 01.233 modifying determiners
- 01.234 using 'one'
- 01.236 predeterminers
- 02.000 Chapter 2: Giving information about people and things
- 02.001 Introduction
- 02.002 Describing things: adjectives
- 02.003 main points about adjectives
- 02.004 WARNING
- 02.005 structure
- 02.007 types of adjective
- 02.012 structural restrictions
- 02.014 order of adjectives
- 02.015 '-ing' and '-ed' adjectives
- 02.016 compound adjectives
- 02.017 comparing things
- 02.018 submodifiers
- 02.019 Information focusing: adjective structures
- 02.020 attributive position
- 02.022 predicative position
- 02.023 attributive and predicative positions
- 02.024 Identifying qualities: qualitative adjectives
- 02.025 gradability
- 02.029 Identifying the class that something belongs to: classifying adjectives
- 02.033 adjectives which are of both types
- 02.034 Identifying colours: colour adjectives
- 02.035 submodifying colour adjectives
- 02.036 approximate colours
- 02.037 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.038 comparison of colour adjectives
- 02.039 colour nouns
- 02.040 Showing strong feelings: emphasizing adjectives
- 02.041 emphasizing disapproval
- 02.042 WARNING
- 02.043 'very' as an emphasizing adjective
- 02.044 Making the reference more precise: postdeterminers
- 02.045 Special classes of adjectives
- 02.046 attributive adjectives
- 02.048 predicative adjectives
- 02.050 USAGE NOTE
- 02.055 adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive clauses
- 02.057 adjectives followed by 'that'-clauses
- 02.058 Position of adjectives in noun groups
- 02.060 position of noun modifiers and adjectives
- 02.061 two or more adjectives
- 02.062 adjectives after nouns
- 02.063 USAGE NOTE
- 02.067 Special forms: '-ing' adjectives
- 02.068 describing an effect
- 02.072 describing a process or state
- 02.076 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.077 form and meaning
- 02.081 Special forms: '-ed' adjectives
- 02.084 qualitative '-ed' adjectives
- 02.085 form and meaning
- 02.087 classifying '-ed' adjectives
- 02.089 modifying '-ed' adjectives
- 02.091 '-ed' adjectives with an active meaning
- 02.092 '-ed' adjectives after link verbs
- 02.093 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.094 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.095 '-ed' adjectives formed from nouns
- 02.096 '-ed' adjectives unrelated to verbs or nouns
- 02.098 Compound adjectives
- 02.099 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.100 formation patterns
- 02.102 compound qualitative adjectives
- 02.103 compound classifying adjectives
- 02.104 compound colour adjectives
- 02.105 long compound adjectives
- 02.107 foreign compound adjectives
- 02.108 Comparing things: comparatives
- 02.109 as modifiers
- 02.110 as complements
- 02.111 qualifiers after comparatives
- 02.112 position of comparatives
- 02.113 'more' and 'more than'
- 02.114 comparatives as headwords
- 02.115 'less'
- 02.116 contrasted comparatives
- 02.117 Comparing things: superlatives
- 02.118 WARNING
- 02.119 used as modifiers
- 02.120 used as complements
- 02.121 qualifying structures
- 02.122 USAGE NOTE
- 02.123 used with other adjectives
- 02.124 superlatives as headwords
- 02.125 USAGE NOTE
- 02.126 used with ordinal numbers
- 02.127 'the least'
- 02.128 Other ways of comparing things: saying that things are similar
- 02.129 indicating that things have the same quality
- 02.133 USAGE NOTE
- 02.137 'like'
- 02.139 USAGE NOTE
- 02.140 'same as'
- 02.141 USAGE NOTE
- 02.143 adjectives meaning 'the same'
- 02.144 submodifiers used for making comparisons
- 02.145 Indicating different amounts of a quality: submodifiers
- 02.146 submodifying adjectives
- 02.148 intensifying qualitative adjectives
- 02.150 reducing qualitative adjectives
- 02.151 indicating extent
- 02.152 USAGE NOTE
- 02.154 indicating sufficiency
- 02.155 USAGE NOTE
- 02.157 indicating insufficiency
- 02.158 indicating excess
- 02.159 WARNING
- 02.161 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.162 Indicating the degree of difference: submodifiers in comparison
- 02.165 USAGE NOTE
- 02.174 Modifying using nouns: noun modifiers
- 02.175 singular and plural forms
- 02.176 using more than one noun modifier
- 02.177 used with adjectives
- 02.178 use of proper names
- 02.179 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.180 Indicating possession or association: possessive structures
- 02.181 possessive form
- 02.182 spelling and pronunciation
- 02.183 other uses of 's
- 02.184 other ways of indicating possession
- 02.185 Indicating close connection: apostrophe s / 's
- 02.188 Other structures with apostrophe s / 's
- 02.189 used in qualifying phrases
- 02.190 USAGE NOTE
- 02.193 Talking about quantities and amounts
- 02.194 Talking about amounts of things: quantifiers
- 02.196 only with specific determiners
- 02.197 with place names
- 02.198 verb agreement
- 02.199 with plural nouns
- 02.200 with uncount nouns and singular nouns
- 02.201 with plural nouns and uncount nouns
- 02.202 with all types of noun
- 02.203 USAGE NOTE
- 02.204 WARNING
- 02.205 USAGE NOTE
- 02.207 omitting 'of'
- 02.208 USAGE NOTE
- 02.209 submodifying quantifiers
- 02.211 Talking about amounts of things: other partitives
- 02.212 partitives with uncount nouns
- 02.214 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.215 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.216 measurement nouns
- 02.217 referring to contents and containers
- 02.218 ending in '-ful'
- 02.219 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.220 USAGE NOTE
- 02.221 referring to parts and fractions
- 02.222 referring to individual items
- 02.223 'pair of'
- 02.224 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 02.225 cardinal numbers
- 02.226 ordinal numbers
- 02.227 fractions
- 02.228 measuring things
- 02.229 age
- 02.230 Referring to the number of things: cardinal numbers
- 02.231 'one'
- 02.233 talking about negative amounts
- 02.234 numbers and agreement
- 02.236 numbers with ordinals and postdeterminers
- 02.237 numbers as pronouns
- 02.238 expressing large numbers
- 02.239 WARNING
- 02.241 approximate quantities
- 02.242 USAGE NOTE
- 02.243 numbers as labels
- 02.244 numbers as quantifiers
- 02.245 number quantifiers as pronouns
- 02.246 numbers as qualifiers
- 02.247 numbers in compound adjectives
- 02.248 numbers with time expressions
- 02.249 Referring to things in a sequence: ordinal numbers
- 02.250 as modifiers
- 02.251 written forms
- 02.252 ordinals with 'of'
- 02.253 as pronouns
- 02.255 ordinals used as adverbs
- 02.256 other uses of ordinals
- 02.257 Referring to an exact part of something: fractions
- 02.258 singular fractions
- 02.259 USAGE NOTE
- 02.260 plural fractions
- 02.261 agreement with verb
- 02.262 fractions as pronouns
- 02.263 numbers followed by fractions
- 02.264 'half' as predeterminer
- 02.265 fractions expressed in figures
- 02.266 expressing percentages
- 02.267 Talking about measurements
- 02.268 imperial and metric measurements
- 02.269 as complements
- 02.270 adjectives after measurements
- 02.271 prepositional phrases after measurements
- 02.272 measurement nouns used as modifiers
- 02.273 USAGE NOTE
- 02.275 Talking about age
- 02.276 exact age
- 02.277 approximate age
- 02.280 indicating something's age
- 02.281 Approximate amounts and measurements
- 02.282 expressing minimum amounts
- 02.283 USAGE NOTE
- 02.284 expressing maximum amounts
- 02.285 USAGE NOTE
- 02.286 expressing approximate amounts
- 02.287 USAGE NOTE
- 02.289 Expanding the noun group: qualifiers
- 02.290 qualifying structures
- 02.292 Nouns with prepositional phrases
- 02.294 'of'
- 02.295 WARNING
- 02.301 'with'
- 02.302 'in'
- 02.303 'by'
- 02.304 with prepositional phrases
- 02.306 USAGE NOTE
- 02.308 Nouns with adjectives
- 02.309 with comparative adjective groups
- 02.310 Nouns with non-finite clauses
- 02.311 with 'to'-infinitive clauses
- 02.315 USAGE NOTE
- 02.317 with past participle clauses
- 02.318 with present participle clauses
- 02.319 apposition
- 03.000 Chapter 3: Making a message
- 03.001 Making a message
- 03.002 Indicating how many participants are involved: transitivity
- 03.003 intransitive verbs
- 03.004 transitive verbs
- 03.005 intransitive or transitive verbs
- 03.006 reciprocal verbs
- 03.007 ditransitive verbs
- 03.008 phrasal verbs and compound verbs
- 03.009 Talking about events which involve only the subject: intransitive verbs
- 03.011 intransitive verbs followed by prepositional phrases
- 03.013 intransitive verbs followed by adjuncts
- 03.014 verbs which are occasionally transitive
- 03.015 Involving someone or something other than the subject: transitive verbs
- 03.016 different types of object
- 03.018 human objects
- 03.020 transitive verbs which need an adjunct
- 03.022 transitive verbs of position and movement
- 03.023 USAGE NOTE
- 03.025 reporting verbs
- 03.027 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 03.028 true reflexive verbs
- 03.030 reflexive pronouns used for emphasis
- 03.031 WARNING
- 03.033 Verbs with little meaning: delexical verbs
- 03.034 verbs which are often delexical
- 03.036 delexical verbs followed by singular noun
- 03.037 delexical verbs followed by plural noun
- 03.038 delexical verbs followed by uncount noun
- 03.039 indicating a brief event
- 03.040 using adjectives
- 03.041 nouns with no equivalent verb
- 03.042 nouns used with 'have'
- 03.043 nouns used with 'take'
- 03.044 nouns used with 'give'
- 03.045 nouns used with 'make'
- 03.046 nouns used with 'have' and 'take'
- 03.047 Verbs which can be used in both intransitive and transitive clauses
- 03.048 different meanings
- 03.050 verbs which do not always need an object
- 03.052 object already mentioned
- 03.055 speaker's decisions on transitivity
- 03.056 Verbs which can take an object or a prepositional phrase
- 03.059 verbs of movement
- 03.060 Changing your focus by changing the subject: ergative verbs
- 03.061 changes
- 03.063 food, movement, vehicles
- 03.065 restrictions on ergative subjects
- 03.067 ergative verbs which need adjuncts
- 03.068 comparison of passive voice and ergative use
- 03.069 Verbs which involve people doing the same thing to each other: reciprocal verbs
- 03.070 reciprocal verbs with plural subject
- 03.071 emphasizing equal involvement
- 03.072 indicating unequal involvement
- 03.074 Verbs which can have two objects: ditransitive verbs
- 03.075 indirect objects in prepositional phrases
- 03.076 pronouns as objects
- 03.077 indirect objects with 'to'
- 03.078 indirect objects with 'for'
- 03.079 USAGE NOTE
- 03.080 USAGE NOTE
- 03.082 USAGE NOTE
- 03.083 transitive uses
- 03.084 Extending or changing the meaning of a verb: phrasal verbs
- 03.086 intransitive phrasal verbs with adverbs
- 03.088 intransitive phrasal verbs with prepositions
- 03.090 preposition or adverb
- 03.092 transitive phrasal verbs
- 03.094 phrasal verbs used transitively and intransitively
- 03.098 ergative phrasal verbs
- 03.102 object position
- 03.104 pronoun object
- 03.105 abstract nouns as object
- 03.106 object after first word
- 03.107 prepositional objects
- 03.108 transitive phrasal verbs with prepositions
- 03.110 preposition or adverb
- 03.112 intransitive three-word phrasal verbs
- 03.114 transitive three-word phrasal verbs
- 03.115 WARNING
- 03.116 phrasal verbs in questions and relative clauses
- 03.118 Verbs which consist of two parts: compound verbs
- 03.119 WARNING
- 03.120 written forms of compound verbs
- 03.121 form of compound verbs
- 03.123 intransitive compound verbs
- 03.124 transitive compound verbs
- 03.125 transitive or intransitive
- 03.126 inflecting compound verbs
- 03.127 Describing and identifying things: complementation
- 03.128 complements
- 03.129 verbs with object complements
- 03.130 prepositional phrases
- 03.131 'it' with 'be'
- 03.132 'there' with 'be'
- 03.133 Describing things: adjectives as complements of link verbs
- 03.135 USAGE NOTE
- 03.138 WARNING
- 03.139 Saying that one thing is another thing: noun groups as complements of link verbs
- 03.140 qualities
- 03.141 using 'one'
- 03.142 size, age, colour, shape
- 03.143 types
- 03.144 indicating identity
- 03.145 USAGE NOTE
- 03.146 pronouns as complements
- 03.147 other complements
- 03.148 combinations of verbs and prepositions
- 03.149 Commenting: 'to'-infinitive clauses after complements
- 03.150 commenting on behaviour
- 03.151 commenting on suitability
- 03.152 commenting on an event
- 03.153 commenting on willingness
- 03.154 commenting on something
- 03.155 commenting on an action
- 03.156 Describing as well as talking about an action: other verbs with complements
- 03.157 USAGE NOTE
- 03.161 fixed phrases
- 03.162 Describing the object of a verb: object complements
- 03.163 verbs of causing
- 03.164 'keep', 'hold', 'leave'
- 03.165 verbs of appointing
- 03.166 verbs of opinion
- 03.170 describing and naming
- 03.171 titles
- 03.172 describing states
- 03.173 Describing something in other ways: adjuncts instead of complements
- 03.174 use after 'be'
- 03.175 use after other verbs
- 03.176 adjuncts of place
- 03.177 adjuncts of time
- 03.178 use in transitive structures
- 03.179 Indicating what role something has or how it is perceived: the preposition 'as'
- 03.180 use in intransitive structures
- 03.181 use in transitive structures
- 03.183 Talking about closely linked actions: using two verbs together in phase
- 03.186 verb forms
- 03.190 Talking about two actions done by the same person: phase verbs together
- 03.191 verbs followed by a present participle
- 03.192 USAGE NOTE
- 03.193 verbs followed by a 'to'-infinitive
- 03.194 USAGE NOTE
- 03.196 verbs with either form
- 03.197 USAGE NOTE
- 03.198 WARNING
- 03.200 'to'-infinitive showing purpose
- 03.201 USAGE NOTE
- 03.202 'get' with a past participle
- 03.203 Talking about two actions done by different people: phase verbs separated by an object
- 03.204 use of possessive determiner
- 03.205 transitive verbs with a present participle
- 03.206 verbs also with an infinitive without 'to'
- 03.207 transitive verbs with a 'to'-infinitive
- 03.208 using the passive
- 03.209 USAGE NOTE
- 03.210 verbs followed by 'for' and a 'to'-infinitive
- 03.211 transitive verbs with an infinitive without 'to'
- 03.212 causative use of 'have' and 'get'
- 03.213 'want' and 'need' with past participle
- 04.000 Chapter 4: Varying the message
- 04.001 Varying the message
- 04.002 Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions
- 04.003 mood
- 04.004 types of mood
- 04.006 giving information
- 04.007 expressing opinions
- 04.008 making promises
- 04.009 emphasis
- 04.010 Asking questions: the interrogative mood
- 04.011 types of question
- 04.012 position of auxiliary verbs
- 04.014 'be' and 'have' as main verbs
- 04.015 'tag'-questions
- 04.016 'either/or' questions
- 04.017 'Wh'-questions
- 04.018 'wh'-words
- 04.019 'wh'-word as subject
- 04.020 'wh'-word as object or adverb
- 04.021 questions without a verb
- 04.022 'who' and 'whom'
- 04.023 'whose'
- 04.024 'which'
- 04.025 'when' and 'where'
- 04.026 'why'
- 04.027 'how'
- 04.028 'how' with other words
- 04.029 'what'
- 04.030 'whatever', 'wherever', and 'whoever'
- 04.031 orders and instructions
- 04.032 advice and warnings
- 04.033 appeals
- 04.034 explanations
- 04.035 'let'
- 04.036 confirming
- 04.037 instructing
- 04.038 offers and invitations
- 04.039 requests, orders, and instructions
- 04.040 rhetorical questions
- 04.041 questions without a verb
- 04.042 suggestions
- 04.043 Forming negative statements
- 04.046 WARNING
- 04.048 'not'
- 04.049 position in verb groups
- 04.050 adding 'do'
- 04.051 'not' with 'be'
- 04.052 'not' with 'have' and 'have got'.
- 04.053 position with non-finite verbs
- 04.054 with finite and non-finite verbs
- 04.055 contractions of 'not'
- 04.056 USAGE NOTE
- 04.057 other uses of 'not'
- 04.059 'not' used for contrast
- 04.060 'never'
- 04.061 with simple forms of 'be'
- 04.062 with simple forms of other verbs
- 04.063 emphasis
- 04.064 'never' in imperatives
- 04.065 'no'
- 04.067 'none'
- 04.068 'none of'
- 04.069 words beginning with 'no'
- 04.070 followed by 'but'
- 04.071 'neither' and 'nor'
- 04.072 'neither' in replies
- 04.074 'neither' with singular nouns
- 04.075 'neither of'
- 04.076 Forming negative statements: negative affixes
- 04.077 'un-'
- 04.078 'in-', 'il-', 'ir-'
- 04.079 'dis-'
- 04.080 'non-'
- 04.081 '-less'
- 04.082 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 04.083 Forming negative statements: broad negatives
- 04.084 position in clause
- 04.086 with simple form of 'be'
- 04.087 with other verbs
- 04.088 as first word in the clause
- 04.089 USAGE NOTE
- 04.090 'almost'
- 04.091 'at all'
- 04.092 'whatsoever'
- 04.093 'ever'
- 04.094 other expressions
- 04.095 Using modals
- 04.097 The main uses of modals
- 04.098 attitude to information
- 04.099 attitude to intentions
- 04.100 attitude to people
- 04.101 use in complex sentences
- 04.102 form of following verb
- 04.104 no inflections
- 04.105 negatives
- 04.106 questions
- 04.107 question tags
- 04.108 contractions
- 04.109 USAGE NOTE
- 04.110 Referring to time
- 04.111 the future: 'shall' and 'will'
- 04.113 ability in the past: 'could'
- 04.114 reported speech
- 04.115 regularity in the past: 'would'
- 04.116 thoughts about the future: 'would'
- 04.117 unwillingness: 'would not'
- 04.118 Indicating possibility
- 04.119 skills and abilities: 'can' and 'could'
- 04.120 awareness: 'can' and 'could'
- 04.121 capability: 'can' and 'could'
- 04.122 WARNING
- 04.123 Indicating likelihood
- 04.124 assumption: 'will' and 'would'
- 04.125 certainty: 'would' and 'should'
- 04.126 belief: 'must' and 'cannot'
- 04.127 possibility: 'could', 'might', 'may'
- 04.128 strong possibility: adding 'well'
- 04.129 negative possibility: 'might not' and 'may not'
- 04.130 impossibility: 'could not' and 'cannot'
- 04.131 strong assertion: 'could' with negatives and comparatives
- 04.132 talking about the future
- 04.133 certainty: 'will'
- 04.134 certainty: 'shall'
- 04.135 certainty: 'must' and 'cannot'
- 04.136 expectation: 'should' and 'ought to'
- 04.137 possibility: 'could', 'might', and 'may'
- 04.139 talking about the past
- 04.140 expectation: 'should have', 'ought to have'
- 04.141 possibility: 'would have'
- 04.142 possibility: 'could have', 'might have'
- 04.143 uncertainty: 'could have', 'might have', 'may have'
- 04.144 negative possibility: 'might not have', 'may not have'
- 04.145 impossibility: 'could' with a negative
- 04.146 permission: 'can'
- 04.147 formal permission: 'may'
- 04.148 permission in the past: 'could'
- 04.149 WARNING
- 04.150 Indicating unacceptability
- 04.151 prohibition: 'cannot'
- 04.152 prohibition: 'may not'
- 04.153 prohibition: 'will not'
- 04.154 prohibition: 'shall not'
- 04.155 prohibition: imperatives
- 04.156 unacceptability: 'should not'
- 04.157 unacceptability: 'must not'
- 04.158 Interacting with other people
- 04.160 Giving instructions and making requests
- 04.161 instructions and appeals
- 04.162 instructions and appeals: 'will'
- 04.163 instructions and appeals: 'would'
- 04.164 instructions and appeals: 'could'
- 04.165 appeals: 'can'
- 04.166 requests
- 04.167 requests: 'can'
- 04.168 requests: 'could'
- 04.169 requests: 'can't' and 'couldn't'
- 04.170 requests: 'may' and 'might'
- 04.171 instructions: 'would like'
- 04.172 firm instructions: 'will'
- 04.173 formal instructions: 'shall'
- 04.174 imperatives
- 04.175 requests: 'would like' and 'should like'
- 04.176 polite additions to requests
- 04.177 Making an offer or an invitation
- 04.178 offers and invitations: 'will'
- 04.179 offers and invitations: 'would' and 'wouldn't'
- 04.180 offers of help: 'can'
- 04.181 offers of help: 'may'
- 04.182 offers of help: 'shall' and 'should'
- 04.183 emphasizing ability: 'can'
- 04.184 persuasive invitations: 'must'
- 04.186 Making suggestions
- 04.187 suggesting: 'could'
- 04.188 suggesting: 'should' and 'ought to'
- 04.189 persuading: 'must'
- 04.190 polite suggestions: 'might'
- 04.191 'might as well', 'may as well'
- 04.192 suggesting: 'shall'
- 04.194 Stating an intention
- 04.195 intentions: 'will'
- 04.197 intentions: 'shall'
- 04.198 intentions: 'must'
- 04.200 Indicating unwillingness or refusal
- 04.201 unwillingness: 'will not' and 'won't'
- 04.202 unwillingness: 'would not'
- 04.203 unwillingness: 'cannot'
- 04.204 unwillingness: 'couldn't'
- 04.206 Expressing a wish
- 04.207 wishes: 'would'
- 04.209 wishes: 'should'
- 04.210 preference: 'would rather', 'would sooner'
- 04.211 wishes: 'would have'
- 04.212 USAGE NOTE
- 04.213 regret: 'would that'
- 04.214 hopes and wishes: 'may'
- 04.215 Indicating importance
- 04.216 'must'
- 04.217 necessity: 'will have to', 'will need to'
- 04.218 necessity: 'shall have to'
- 04.219 importance: 'should' and 'ought to'
- 04.220 Introducing what you are going to say
- 04.221 importance: 'must'
- 04.222 importance: 'should' and 'ought to'
- 04.223 politeness: 'can' and 'could'
- 04.225 approval: 'may' and 'might'
- 04.226 politeness: 'should' and 'would'
- 04.227 Expressions used instead of modals
- 04.228 saying whether something is possible
- 04.236 saying how likely something is
- 04.239 giving instructions and making requests
- 04.241 stating an intention
- 04.245 expressing unwillingness
- 04.248 indicating importance
- 04.252 Semi-modals
- 04.253 'dare' and 'need'
- 04.254 inflected forms
- 04.255 use with other modals
- 04.256 use with 'do'
- 04.257 other uses of 'dare' and 'need'
- 04.258 'used to'
- 04.260 omitting the following verb group
- 04.261 negatives
- 04.262 questions
- 05.000 Chapter 5: Expressing time
- 05.001 Introduction
- 05.003 position of adjuncts
- 05.004 adjuncts of duration and frequency
- 05.006 subordinate clauses
- 05.007 The present
- 05.008 the present moment
- 05.009 general present including present moment
- 05.010 general truths
- 05.011 regular or habitual actions
- 05.012 used in reviews
- 05.013 USAGE NOTE
- 05.014 used in commentaries
- 05.015 used in reporting
- 05.016 used in commenting
- 05.017 the moment of speaking
- 05.018 emphasizing the present moment
- 05.019 progressive change
- 05.020 habitual actions
- 05.021 Emphasizing time in the present: using adjuncts
- 05.022 general truths
- 05.023 regular actions
- 05.024 frequent actions
- 05.025 adjuncts with present tenses
- 05.026 The past
- 05.027 Stating a definite time in the past: the simple past
- 05.028 past situations
- 05.030 habitual and regular actions
- 05.031 repeated actions
- 05.032 contrasting events
- 05.033 The past in relation to the present: the present perfect
- 05.034 WARNING
- 05.035 situations that still exist
- 05.036 emphasizing duration of event
- 05.037 Events before a particular time in the past: the past perfect
- 05.038 emphasizing time and duration
- 05.039 expectations and wishes
- 05.040 Emphasizing time in the past: using adjuncts
- 05.041 types of adjuncts
- 05.042 WARNING
- 05.043 used for emphasis
- 05.044 used with the simple past
- 05.045 used with the past continuous
- 05.046 used with the present perfect
- 05.049 used with the past perfect
- 05.052 The future
- 05.053 Indicating the future using 'will'
- 05.054 general truths
- 05.055 indicating certainty
- 05.057 indicating duration
- 05.058 Other ways of indicating the future
- 05.060 Adjuncts with future tenses
- 05.061 'tomorrow'
- 05.062 'next'
- 05.063 Other uses of tenses
- 05.064 present tenses
- 05.065 Firm plans for the future
- 05.066 Forward planning from a time in the past
- 05.067 events planned in the past
- 05.069 Timing by adjuncts
- 05.070 relative time
- 05.073 necessary time
- 05.074 previously mentioned time
- 05.075 Emphasizing the unexpected: continuing, stopping, or not happening
- 05.076 'still' for existing situations
- 05.077 'still' for expected situations
- 05.078 'yet' for expected situations
- 05.081 likely change
- 05.082 past not present
- 05.083 'already' for emphasizing occurrence
- 05.084 Specific times
- 05.085 clock times
- 05.086 times of the day
- 05.087 naming days
- 05.088 months, seasons, and dates
- 05.089 years, decades, and centuries
- 05.090 'at' for specific times
- 05.091 'at' for relating events
- 05.093 'in' for periods of time
- 05.094 'in' for specific time
- 05.095 'on' for short periods of time
- 05.096 'on' for longer periods of time
- 05.097 'on' for subsequent events
- 05.098 ordering of time expressions
- 05.099 approximate times
- 05.100 WARNING
- 05.102 'during' for periods of time
- 05.104 WARNING
- 05.105 'over' for events
- 05.106 relating events and times
- 05.107 order of events
- 05.108 simultaneous events
- 05.109 linking adverbs
- 05.110 'by' for specific time
- 05.111 Subordinate time clauses
- 05.112 Extended uses of time expressions
- 05.113 Frequency and duration
- 05.114 Adjuncts of frequency
- 05.116 estimating frequency
- 05.117 regular intervals
- 05.119 particular occurrences of an event
- 05.120 '-ly' time adverbs
- 05.121 prepositional phrases
- 05.122 development and regular occurrence
- 05.123 Adjuncts of duration
- 05.124 prepositional phrases
- 05.125 'for' for length of time
- 05.128 'for' for emphasis
- 05.130 'in' and 'within' for end of a period
- 05.132 'for' and 'in' with general or specific time
- 05.133 noun group adjuncts
- 05.134 approximate duration
- 05.135 Indicating the whole of a period
- 05.137 Indicating the start or end of a period
- 05.138 start time
- 05.140 end time
- 05.142 start and end times
- 05.143 Duration expressions as modifiers
- 06.000 Chapter 6: Expressing manner and place
- 06.001 Introduction to adjuncts
- 06.002 adverbial groups
- 06.003 prepositional phrases
- 06.004 noun groups
- 06.005 adding meaning to verb groups
- 06.006 adding meaning to clauses
- 06.007 normal position: end of clause
- 06.008 beginning of clause for emphasis
- 06.009 between subject and verb
- 06.011 WARNING
- 06.012 minor positional points
- 06.013 manner, place, then time
- 06.014 adjuncts of the same type
- 06.015 inversion after adjuncts
- 06.016 types of adverbs
- 06.017 '-ly' adverbs
- 06.018 spelling
- 06.020 adverb meaning
- 06.024 same form as adjective
- 06.026 two forms
- 06.027 no adverb from adjective
- 06.028 USAGE NOTE
- 06.029 adverbs not related to adjectives
- 06.030 Comparative and superlative adverbs
- 06.032 irregular forms
- 06.035 USAGE NOTE
- 06.036 adverbs of manner
- 06.037 manner
- 06.039 feelings and manner
- 06.041 circumstances
- 06.043 forms
- 06.044 USAGE NOTE
- 06.045 Adverbs of degree
- 06.047 from adjectives
- 06.048 position in clause
- 06.049 emphasizing adverbs
- 06.051 submodifiers
- 06.052 other adverbs of degree
- 06.053 Giving information about place: prepositions
- 06.056 WARNING
- 06.058 after verbs indicating position
- 06.059 after verbs indicating movement
- 06.060 after verbs indicating activities
- 06.062 at beginning of clause: for emphasis or contrast
- 06.063 at beginning of clause: inversion of subject and verb
- 06.064 Indicating position
- 06.065 prepositions indicating position
- 06.066 USAGE NOTE
- 06.067 USAGE NOTE
- 06.068 prepositions with comparative forms
- 06.071 specific distances
- 06.072 indicating position and distance
- 06.073 Indicating direction
- 06.074 prepositions used
- 06.075 USAGE NOTE
- 06.076 direction relative to the front
- 06.077 several directions
- 06.078 starting point
- 06.079 'from' before prepositions and adverbs
- 06.080 Prepositional phrases as qualifiers
- 06.082 adverbs
- 06.083 adverbs indicating position
- 06.085 USAGE NOTE
- 06.086 USAGE NOTE
- 06.087 adverbs of position with a following adjunct
- 06.088 adverbs of position with adjunct, modifier, or qualifier
- 06.089 adverbs of position: comparatives and superlatives
- 06.090 indefinite place adverbs
- 06.091 adding information
- 06.092 different or additional places
- 06.094 adverbs indicating destinations and targets
- 06.095 relative direction
- 06.096 movement in several directions
- 06.097 movement away
- 06.098 movement along a path
- 06.099 movement across or past something
- 06.100 indefinite direction
- 06.101 Noun groups referring to place: place names
- 06.102 adverbs as qualifiers
- 06.104 verbs after place names
- 06.105 place names referring to people
- 06.106 place names referring to events
- 06.107 place names used as modifiers
- 06.108 Other uses of prepositional phrases
- 06.109 referring to time
- 06.110 referring to manner
- 06.112 'like' and 'as' in comparison
- 06.115 circumstances of an action
- 06.116 reason or cause of an action
- 06.117 in phrasal verbs
- 06.118 verbs with optional prepositional phrases
- 06.119 indirect objects of ditransitive verbs
- 06.120 with reciprocal verbs
- 06.121 with passive verbs
- 06.122 position of prepositional phrases and adverbs after verbs
- 06.123 Prepositional phrases after nouns and adjectives
- 06.124 particular prepositions after nouns and adjectives
- 06.125 comparisons with 'than' and 'like'
- 06.126 'of'
- 06.127 Extended meanings of prepositions
- 07.000 Chapter 7: Reporting what people say or think
- 07.001 Reporting what people say or think
- 07.005 Indicating that you are reporting: reporting verbs
- 07.006 basic reporting verbs
- 07.007 showing the purpose of speaking
- 07.008 WARNING
- 07.009 verbs of thinking and knowing
- 07.010 verbs of learning and perceiving
- 07.012 indicating the way that something is said
- 07.013 negatives in reporting clauses
- 07.014 Reporting someone's actual words: quote structures
- 07.017 verbs which describe the manner of speaking
- 07.018 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 07.019 position of reporting verb
- 07.022 inversion of subject and reporting verb
- 07.023 punctuation of quotes
- 07.024 Reporting in your own words: report structures
- 07.025 types of reported clause
- 07.026 Reporting statements and thoughts
- 07.027 verbs used with 'that'-clauses
- 07.028 position of reported clauses
- 07.029 Reporting questions
- 07.030 the reporting verb
- 07.031 WARNING
- 07.032 'yes/no' questions
- 07.034 'wh'-questions
- 07.036 reporting requests made to the hearer
- 07.037 USAGE NOTE
- 07.040 reporting suggestions
- 07.042 reporting intentions and hopes
- 07.043 USAGE NOTE
- 07.045 reporting uncertain things
- 07.046 Time reference in report structures
- 07.047 past tense for both verbs
- 07.048 reporting verb in other tenses
- 07.049 tense of verb in reported clause
- 07.050 modals in reported clauses
- 07.051 USAGE NOTE
- 07.056 reporting conditional statements
- 07.057 Making your reference appropriate
- 07.058 referring to people and things
- 07.059 referring to time
- 07.060 referring to places
- 07.061 Using reporting verbs for politeness
- 07.063 'suppose' and 'wonder'
- 07.064 Avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking
- 07.065 use of passives to express general beliefs
- 07.066 'seem' and 'appear'
- 07.067 USAGE NOTE
- 07.068 referring to the speaker
- 07.069 use of the passive
- 07.070 USAGE NOTE
- 07.071 referring to the hearer
- 07.072 verbs with or without the hearer as object
- 07.073 the hearer in prepositional phrases
- 07.077 reflexive pronouns
- 07.078 objects with reporting verbs
- 07.080 USAGE NOTE
- 07.081 prepositional phrases with reporting verbs
- 07.082 other verbs used with reported clauses
- 07.084 nouns used with reported clauses
- 07.085 adjectives with reported clauses
- 07.086 mentioning the cause of a feeling
- 07.087 saying what someone knows
- 07.088 commenting on a fact
- 07.089 nominal use of 'that'-clauses
- 07.092 nominal use of 'wh'-clauses
- 08.000 Chapter 8: Combining messages
- 08.001 Combining messages
- 08.002 conjunctions
- 08.004 subordinating conjunctions
- 08.005 coordinating conjunctions
- 08.006 Adverbial clauses
- 08.007 position of adverbial clause
- 08.008 Time clauses
- 08.009 tenses in time clauses
- 08.012 USAGE NOTE
- 08.013 repeated events
- 08.015 events in sequence
- 08.019 saying when a situation began
- 08.020 saying when a situation ends
- 08.023 using non-finite clauses
- 08.024 using prepositional phrases and adjectives
- 08.025 Conditional clauses
- 08.027 modals and imperatives
- 08.028 tenses in conditional clauses
- 08.029 common occurrences
- 08.030 occurrences in the past
- 08.031 possible situations
- 08.032 possible future occurrences
- 08.033 USAGE NOTE
- 08.034 unlikely situations
- 08.035 what might have been
- 08.036 putting the verb first
- 08.038 necessary conditions
- 08.041 USAGE NOTE
- 08.043 Purpose clauses
- 08.044 types of purpose clause
- 08.045 non-finite clauses
- 08.047 finite clauses
- 08.049 Reason clauses
- 08.054 Result clauses
- 08.060 USAGE NOTE
- 08.065 Concessive clauses
- 08.066 contrast
- 08.069 exceptions
- 08.070 USAGE NOTE
- 08.071 non-finite clauses
- 08.073 Place clauses
- 08.078 Clauses of manner
- 08.079 saying how something is done
- 08.080 making comparisons
- 08.083 Relative clauses
- 08.084 relative pronouns
- 08.085 kinds of relative clause
- 08.086 punctuation
- 08.087 use after pronouns
- 08.088 non-finite clauses
- 08.089 Using relative pronouns in defining clauses
- 08.090 referring to people
- 08.091 referring to things
- 08.092 Using relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
- 08.093 referring to people
- 08.094 referring to things
- 08.095 Using relative pronouns with prepositions
- 08.096 no pronoun
- 08.097 indirect objects
- 08.098 formal use
- 08.099 phrasal verbs
- 08.100 USAGE NOTE
- 08.101 Using 'whose'
- 08.103 Using other relative pronouns
- 08.104 non-defining clauses
- 08.105 defining clauses
- 08.108 USAGE NOTE
- 08.109 Additional points about non-defining relative clauses
- 08.110 commenting on a fact
- 08.111 commenting on a time or situation
- 08.112 Nominal relative clauses
- 08.117 Non-finite clauses
- 08.118 kinds of non-finite clause
- 08.119 position of non-finite clauses
- 08.120 Using non-defining clauses
- 08.121 present participle: simultaneous events
- 08.122 present participle: one action after another
- 08.123 present participle: reasons
- 08.125 'having' + past participle: results
- 08.126 past participle: earlier events
- 08.127 mentioning the subject
- 08.129 present participle
- 08.130 past participle
- 08.131 USAGE NOTE
- 08.132 Using defining clauses
- 08.133 use after pronouns
- 08.134 Other structures used like non-finite clauses
- 08.137 Coordination
- 08.139 Linking clauses
- 08.140 omitting words in the second clause
- 08.141 functions of coordinating conjunctions
- 08.142 related facts
- 08.143 sequence
- 08.144 two negative facts
- 08.145 contrast
- 08.146 alternatives
- 08.147 USAGE NOTE
- 08.148 USAGE NOTE
- 08.149 USAGE NOTE
- 08.150 non-finite clauses
- 08.152 Linking verbs
- 08.153 intransitive verbs
- 08.154 transitive verbs
- 08.155 omitting the auxiliary
- 08.156 emphasizing repetition or duration
- 08.157 USAGE NOTE
- 08.159 Linking noun groups
- 08.161 alternatives
- 08.162 omitting determiners
- 08.163 referring to one person or thing
- 08.164 omitting adjectives
- 08.165 verb agreement
- 08.166 linking pronouns
- 08.168 Linking adjectives and adverbs
- 08.169 qualitative adjectives
- 08.170 colour adjectives
- 08.171 classifying adjectives
- 08.172 different kinds of adjectives
- 08.173 adjectives with plural nouns
- 08.174 adjectives after verbs
- 08.175 using other conjunctions
- 08.176 linking adverbs
- 08.178 Linking other word groups
- 08.179 linking prepositions
- 08.180 linking prepositional phrases
- 08.181 linking modifiers and determiners
- 08.182 Emphasizing coordinating conjunctions
- 08.188 Linking more than two clauses or word groups
- 08.189 linking adjectives
- 09.000 Chapter 9: Making texts
- 09.001 Making texts: cohesion
- 09.002 Referring back
- 09.003 pronouns
- 09.004 determiners
- 09.006 other ways of referring back
- 09.007 demonstratives referring to things
- 09.010 demonstratives referring to sentences
- 09.011 'previous'
- 09.012 'above'
- 09.013 'former' and 'latter'
- 09.014 USAGE NOTE
- 09.015 time
- 09.016 place
- 09.017 manner
- 09.018 Referring back in a general way
- 09.019 referring to spoken or written texts
- 09.020 referring to ideas
- 09.021 referring to what is mentioned
- 09.022 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 09.023 referring to pieces of writing
- 09.024 'so' as substitute complement
- 09.025 'so' and 'not' after 'if'
- 09.026 'so' and 'not' with report verbs
- 09.027 'do so'
- 09.028 Comparing with something already mentioned
- 09.029 'such' as a determiner
- 09.030 'such' as a predeterminer
- 09.031 'such' as an adjective
- 09.033 adjectives
- 09.034 'same'
- 09.035 'the same'
- 09.037 'the opposite' and 'the reverse'
- 09.038 other adjectives
- 09.039 adjuncts
- 09.041 Referring forward
- 09.042 'this' and 'these'
- 09.044 'following'
- 09.045 'next'
- 09.046 'below'
- 09.047 'such'
- 09.048 other ways
- 09.049 Leaving out words: ellipsis
- 09.050 contrasting subjects
- 09.051 contrasting tense or modality
- 09.052 'do'
- 09.053 'be' as a main verb
- 09.054 'have' as a main verb
- 09.055 ellipsis with 'not'
- 09.056 USAGE NOTE
- 09.059 repeating the main verb
- 09.060 contrasting objects and adjuncts
- 09.061 USAGE NOTE
- 09.063 Ellipsis in conversation
- 09.064 ellipsis in questions
- 09.066 ellipsis in replies
- 09.068 ellipsis in agreement
- 10.000 Chapter 10: The structure of information
- 10.001 Introduction
- 10.003 passive voice
- 10.004 cleft structures
- 10.005 impersonal 'it'
- 10.006 'there' with 'be'
- 10.007 adjuncts
- 10.008 Focusing on the thing affected: the passive voice
- 10.009 formation of passive tenses
- 10.010 not mentioning the agent
- 10.013 USAGE NOTE
- 10.014 mentioning the agent with 'by'
- 10.015 mentioning things or methods used
- 10.016 passive of verbs referring to states
- 10.017 phrasal verbs
- 10.018 verbs usually used in the passive
- 10.019 verbs rarely used in the passive
- 10.020 ditransitive verbs
- 10.021 transitive verbs with object complement
- 10.022 reflexive verbs
- 10.023 intransitive phrasal verbs
- 10.024 USAGE NOTE
- 10.025 Selecting focus: cleft sentences
- 10.026 'it' as the subject
- 10.027 other kinds of focus
- 10.028 'what' or 'all' to focus on an action
- 10.029 focusing on the topic
- 10.030 focusing on what someone wants or needs
- 10.031 Taking the focus off the subject: using impersonal 'it'
- 10.034 Describing a place or situation
- 10.035 using 'it' as an object
- 10.036 describing the weather
- 10.037 giving times and dates
- 10.038 emphasizing time
- 10.039 using link verbs
- 10.040 using other verbs
- 10.041 other ways of talking about actions
- 10.042 Commenting on a fact that you are about to mention
- 10.043 USAGE NOTE
- 10.044 other verbs
- 10.045 passives of reporting verbs
- 10.046 saying that something exists
- 10.048 saying that something happened
- 10.049 describing something that is happening
- 10.050 verb agreement
- 10.051 contractions with 'there'
- 10.052 'there' with adjectives
- 10.053 'there' with other verbs
- 10.054 formal and literary uses
- 10.056 Commenting on your statement: sentence adjuncts
- 10.057 indicating your opinion
- 10.058 USAGE NOTE
- 10.059 distancing and qualifying
- 10.060 indicating viewpoint
- 10.061 indicating quality of the agent
- 10.062 indicating your justification for a statement
- 10.063 assuming hearer's agreement
- 10.064 indicating reality or possibility
- 10.065 indicating your attitude
- 10.066 using infinitive clauses
- 10.067 politeness
- 10.068 specification
- 10.069 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 10.070 generalization
- 10.071 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 10.072 PRODUCTIVE FEATURE
- 10.073 Showing connections: linking adjuncts
- 10.074 indicating an addition
- 10.075 indicating a parallel
- 10.076 contrasts and alternatives
- 10.077 causes
- 10.078 indicating sequence in time
- 10.079 ordering points
- 10.080 conjunctions
- 10.081 linking adjuncts after conjunctions
- 10.082 Indicating a change in a conversation
- 10.084 USAGE NOTE
- 10.085 Emphasizing
- 10.086 emphasizing exactness
- 10.087 Indicating the most relevant thing: focusing adverbs
- 10.088 restricting
- 10.089 selecting
- 10.090 position of focusing adverbs
- 10.091 USAGE NOTE
- 10.092 Putting something first: fronting
- 10.093 adjuncts
- 10.094 reported questions
- 10.095 other clause elements
- 10.096 Introducing your statement: prefacing structures
- 10.097 prefaces to second part of sentence
- 10.098 classifying
- 10.099 labelling
- 10.100 other ways of labelling
- 10.101 using sentences as prefaces
- 10.102 Doing by saying: performative verbs
- 10.105 USAGE NOTE
- 10.106 Exclamations
- 10.107 showing your reactions
- 10.108 other clause elements
- 10.109 rhetorical questions
- 10.110 Making a statement into a question: question tags
- 10.111 forming tags
- 10.112 checking statements
- 10.113 replying to tags
- 10.114 other uses of tags
- 10.115 Addressing people: vocatives
- 10.116 position of vocatives
- 10.117 titles
- 10.118 WARNING
- 10.119 other vocatives