6.127 Extended meanings of prepositions

The uses of prepositional phrases as adjuncts of time and manner are really extended or metaphorical uses that cover a wide range of prepositions and are part of a metaphor that affects many other aspects of language as well. For example, when we talk about 'approaching a point in time', 'a short stretch of time', and so on, we are using words that refer to space to talk about time.

However, there are also extended meanings that apply only to small groups of prepositions, or sometimes only to individual prepositions.

For example, 'in' basically indicates position inside a container:

• The baby was found in a carrier bag.
• It will end up in the dustbin.

But it is often used with reference to areas rather than containers.

• Emma sat in an armchair with her legs crossed.
• Then we were told what had happened in Sheffield.

'In' is also used to indicate relative position:

• We had to do something in the centre of the town to attract visitors.

However, 'in' is used in ways that extend its meaning further away from physical position. For example, it can be used to say that someone is a involved in a particular situation, group, or activity.

• They were in no danger.
• The child was in trouble with the police.
• I remember when the Colonels were in power in Greece.
• Mr Emile Gumbs has remained in office but the island has no Parliament.

It can indicate inclusion in a more abstract way.

• Some of her early Hollywood experiences were used in her 1923 film, Mary of the Movies.
• In any book, you have a moral purpose.

It can also indicate that something has reached a particular stage, or appears in a particular way:

• The first primroses are in flower.
• Her hair was in pigtails over either shoulder.

A few other prepositions with a basic meaning relating to containers can be used in similar ways: for example 'within', 'into', 'out of'.

• The US ought to do everything within reason to encourage General Noriega to leave.
• Those men, when we get them into the police force, are going to be real heroes.