8.125 'having' + past participle: results

If you want to say that someone did or experienced one thing before another, you mention the first thing in a clause containing 'having' and a past participle. Often this kind of construction indicates that the second event was a result of the first one.

• I did not feel terribly shocked, having expected him to take the easiest way out.
• Having married very late, he was only a year short of fifty when I was born.