08.000 Chapter 8: Combining messages

Chapter 8: Combining messages

8.1 Introduction

8.6 Adverbial clauses

8.8 Time clauses

8.25 Conditional clauses

8.43 Purpose clauses

8.49 Reason clauses

8.54 Result clauses

8.65 Concessive clauses

8.73 Place clauses

8.78 Clauses of manner

8.83 Relative clauses

8.89 Using relative pronouns in defining clauses

8.92 Using relative pronouns in non-defining clauses

8.95 Using relative pronouns with prepositions

8.101 Using 'whose'

8.103 Using other relative pronouns

8.109 Additional points about non-defining relative clauses

8.112 Nominal relative clauses

8.117 Non-finite clauses

8.120 Using non-defining clauses

8.132 Using defining clauses

8.134 Other structures used like non-finite clauses

8.137 Coordination

8.139 Linking clauses

8.152 Linking verbs

8.159 Linking noun groups

8.168 Linking adjectives and adverbs

8.178 Linking other word groups

8.182 Emphasizing coordinating conjunctions

8.188 Linking more than two clauses or word groups

8.1 Combining messages

Sometimes we want to make a statement which is too complex or detailed to be expressed in a single clause. We make statements of this kind by putting two or more clauses together in one sentence.

There are two ways in which we do this. One way is to use one clause as a main clause and to add other clauses which express subordinate meanings.

• I came because I want you to help me.
• I didn't like the man who did the gardening for them.
• You have no right to keep people off your land unless they are doing damage.
• When he had gone, Valentina sighed.

The other way is simply to link clauses together.

• I'm an old man and I'm sick.
• My son has a car but he doesn't take me for a drive.

Questions and orders can also consist of more than one clause.

• What will I do if he doesn't come?
• If she is ambitious, don't try to hold her back.