81. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

1. The Beginnings of the Scientific Method
2. Scientific Instruments of the Renaissance
3. The Art and Science of the Renaissance
4. The Importance of Hypotheses in Scientific Thinking

82. It can be inferred from the passage that if pre-Renaissance scientists observed the motions of heavenly bodies, they did so most likely in order to ____.

1. confirm the formulas that describe the motions of the planets and stars
2. distinguish the motions of various planets
3. validate what the Bible says about those bodies
4. demonstrate the utility of their newly invented instruments

83. The passage indicates that Galileo did which of the following?

1. invented an important optical instrument
2. instructed another famous scientist
3. made an important astronomical discovery

1. II only.
2. III only.
3. I and II only.
4. II and III only.

84. The passage indicates that, unlike the "earlier moralists" (Line 6, Paragraph 4), Renaissance scientists began to receive human behavior as ____.

1. a matter of free choice
2. influenced by heavenly bodies
3. controlled by a metaphysical spirit
4. subject to the laws of physical motion

85. The primary function of the last paragraph is to ____.

1. propose a solution to a problem
2. discuss the effects of a change
3. identify those responsible for a discovery
4. refute a misconception

(Reference keys.)