A1, see primary auditory cortex

A2, see secondary auditory areas

absolute refractory period, 31

ACC, see anterior cingulate cortex

access-consciousness, 615–16

access to information, 609, 610–12

acetic acid, 176

acetylcholine (ACh), 33–34, 38, 68, 184, 331, 397, 438

acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 34

achievement and happiness, 461

achromatopsia, 201–3, 207, 242

acoustic coding, 388

acoustic input, 480, 481

acquired alexia, 240, 255, 256, 261

acquisition of learning and memory, 381, 382, 394

action chains, 589–90, 592

action control, see motor control

action gating, 49

action hierarchy, 533, 556

action inhibition, 545–49

action knowledge, 243–44

action observation and understanding, 363–66

action-outcome decisions, 511, 521

action plan, 532–33, 539

action potential, 30–32

continued stimulus and, 166

in motor neurons, 331, 337

neural activity rate and, 131

neuronal signaling and, 30–32, 68

neuronal switches and, 72

single-cell recording method and, 96, 97

synaptic transmission and, 33, 68

tDCS and, 89

visual pathway and, 185

action sequence representation, 340–41

action tasks, 225–27, 228

actions, what and why inferences, 590–91

active tasks and default network, 568–69

active transport proteins, 29, 34, 68

see also ion pumps

acuity of sensory systems, 167

acupuncture, 579

adaptability, 456

adaptation of sensory systems, 165–67

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 29

ADHD, see attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Adolphs, Ralph, 450–52, 563

adrenal glands, 38

adrenaline, 38, 39, 435–36

adrenocorticotropic hormone, 46

AEPs, see auditory evoked potentials

affective flexibility, 459

affective processing, 382

affective stimuli, response to, 157

afferent inflow to mammalian cortex, 9

afferent inputs to neural circuits, 37, 40, 339

afferent nerves, 331

affordance competition hypothesis, 347, 351

affordances, 347

Aggleton, John, 404

aggregate field theory, 7

aggressive behavior, 23, 639, 643

aging and inhibitory control, 543, 549

agnosia, 220, 238

see also visual agnosia

agrammatic aphasia, 472, 492

AIDS-related dementia, 80, 82

Akelaitis, A. J., 134, 135

akinesia, 327, 328

akinetopsia, 203–6, 207

alarm calls, 500

alcohol abuse, 332, 396, 548

alexia, 240, 255, 256, 258, 261, 486–87

alien hand syndrome, 349

all-or-none phenomena, 32

allocortex, 52, 53

alpha motor neurons, 330–31, 332, 334, 335, 337

alphabetic writing system, 484–87

Alzheimer's disease

DBS and, 362

as degenerative disorder, 80, 81, 82

hippocampus and, 397

neuronal growth and, 66

object recognition and, 236

PiB and, 106–7, 110

PM system and, 412

Amaral, David, 394–95

ambiguous local cues, 420

amino acids, 33, 35, 68

amnesia, 379–80, 382–84, 394–97, 407, 410, 567

amobarbital (Amytal) testing, 125, 138

amodal completion, 149

AMPA receptor, 418

amputees, cortical mapping of, 183

amusia, 238

amygdala

ACC and, 465

activation of, 72, 73, 117, 597

anterior commissure and, 128

anthropomorphization and, 452

arousal and negative stimuli and, 460

arousal-enhanced memory effect and, 445–46

attention and perception and, 446–47

autism and, 586

brainstem and, 608

core affect and, 464

depression and, 464

emotion and, 425–27, 428, 429, 430, 447, 449, 461

emotional decision making and, 597, 599

emotional facial processing and, 464, 466, 563

emotional regulation and, 457, 459

emotional style and, 456

explicit emotional learning and, 443, 444, 445–46, 455

eye gaze and, 452, 455, 587

facial expression identification and, 450, 451, 455

fear and fear conditioning and, 437–38, 440–42, 450–51, 454–55, 464

hypothalamus and, 46

implicit emotional learning and, 439–43, 454

learning and memory and, 381, 382, 390, 394, 397–99, 402, 411

limbic system and, 47

location and circuity of, 437–38

LTP and, 416–17

novelty and, 447, 455, 460, 464

olfaction and, 174

reward information and, 526

social cognition and, 561

social group evaluation and, 452–54, 466, 585

summary of roles of, 466

theory of mind tasks and, 145

valence and, 460

value expectations and, 595

amygdala-temporopolar cortex, 145

amyloid plaques, 397

analytic-holistic dichotomy, 155, 257–58

analytic processing, 257–58, 261

anatomical personology, 6

AND operators, 171

Anderson, Michael, 545

Anderson, Phillip, 628

anencephaly, 62

aneurysms, 79, 238

anger

associated brain areas, 429, 461, 464, 465, 466

facial expressions, 426, 431, 432, 449–50

angiography, 79, 82, 125

angular gyrus

Alzheimer's disease and, 397, 412

brain anatomy and, 49, 205

emotion and, 466

language and, 473, 474, 483, 485, 503

lesions in, 387

memory systems and, 412–13

animal communication, 500–2

Animal Intelligence (Thorndike), 12

animals as models, 83, 85

animate vs. inanimate objects, recognition of, 241, 243–45, 260–61, 442, 478–79

anisotropic diffusion, 94, 213

Aniston, Jennifer, 98

Annett, Marian, 158

anomalous trichromats, 201

anomia, 225, 469–70, 471, 498

anosognosia, 159

ANS, see autonomic nervous system

antagonist pairs of muscles, 330, 331

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

anger perception and, 450, 465

brain anatomy and, 53, 54

cognitive control in, 496

cooperation and, 598

corrective neural activity, 619

decision making and, 117, 522–23, 525–26

dopamine receptors in, 88

emotional feelings and, 460, 461, 462

emotional network and, 429

emotional processing and, 465

emotional regulation and, 458

empathy and, 577–78, 579, 580, 581, 592

facial expression recognition and, 465

love and, 462

mesolimbic pathway and, 526

monitoring and, 550–55

motor control and, 337

regret and, 449

self-perception and, 571, 573

social cognition and, 561, 562, 577–78, 579

social group evaluation and, 453

anterior commissure

brain anatomy and, 46, 48, 124, 128, 130

brain scans and, 112

definition of, 5

in monkeys, 154

surgical severing of, 133, 150

anterior end of brain, 41

anterior insula, 51

anterior neuropore, 62

anterior pituitary gland, 46

anterior-posterior gradient of PFC function, 519, 520, 533, 534

anterior temporal (AT) system, 411–12, 413

anterior temporal lobe

anatomy of language and, 471

consolidation and, 414–15

semantic representation and, 412, 478–79, 480

anterior thalamic nucleus, 45, 47, 382, 411, 412, 428

anterograde amnesia

defined, 382

lesions associated with, 410, 412

patient H.M., 383–84

patient R.B., 398, 399

procedural learning and, 391

self-knowledge and, 567

transient, 395–96

anthropomorphization, 452

antisocial personality disorder (APD), 600–601

AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), 418

aphasia, 7, 8, 84, 388–89, 470, 472–75, 502

apperceptive agnosia, 237–39, 241

appraisal theory, 435–36

approach and withdrawal, 157, 434, 587

apraxia, 156, 336, 337

of speech, 472, 474

arachnoid mater, 38

Arbib, Michael, 501

archicortex, see hippocampal complex

Arcimboldo painting, 254, 255

arcuate fasciculus, 473, 474, 475

area F5 in monkeys, 501, 502

area MT, see under visual areas

area V1, see primary visual cortex

area V4, see under visual areas

areas of brain (visual), see visual areas

Aristotle, 638

Aron, Adam, 546–47

arousal

attention and perception and, 446–47

brainstem and, 43, 44

cognition and, 436, 555

instructed fear and, 444

insula and amygdala and, 460

memory enhancement by, 445–46

neglect and, 276

reticular activating system and, 44, 428, 608

selective attention and, 275, 286–87

thalamus and, 608

valence and, 433–34

arousal-enhanced memory effect, 445

articulation of speech, 497–98

artificial intelligence, 111, 484–85, 486

artificial lesioning, 113, 245

artificial limbs, 97–98

artificial neural networks, 13

aspartate, 33

Asperger's syndrome, 561

association cortex, 47, 52, 56–58, 67, 128, 129, 422

association motor areas, 336–37

association tracts, 39

associationism, 11–12, 14, 20

associative agnosia, 240–41, 241–45

associative learning, 393, 394

associative LTP, 417–18

associative memory, 512–13

asthma, 415

astrocytes, 35–36, 63

astrocytoma, 507–8

AT, see anterior temporal (AT) system

ataxia, 333, 371

atherosclerosis, 79

Atkins, Daryl Renard, 635–36

Atkinson, Richard, 385–86

ATP, see adenosine triphosphate

attention

access-consciousness and, 616

anatomy of, 275, 276, 279–80, 466

control of, 312, 323, 584

emotional stimuli and, 446–47, 455

emotional style and, 456

information processing and, 76, 140–41, 142–44, 152, 160

medial frontal cortex and, 550–52

models of, 280–85

neural mechanisms of, and perceptual selection, 295–311

neural mechanisms of and perceptual selection

feature attention, 301–5, 301–8

object attention, 308–9

reflexive spatial attention, 295–97

review of, 309–11

visual search, 297–301

voluntary spatial attention, 285–95

neuropsychology of, 275–80

odor cues and, 76, 140–41, 142–44, 152, 160

RAS and, 608

selection of task-relevant information and, 535

sources and sites of, 312

see also selective attention

attention bias, 276–77, 278, 280

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 276

attentional blink, 446, 456

attentional control networks, 275, 311–22

dorsal attention network, 313–18

subcortical components of, 319–22

ventral right attention network, 318–19

attentional hierarchy hypothesis, 550–52

attentional orienting, 57, 160, 280, 321

attentional priming of sensory cortex, 313, 314

attentional reorienting, 319, 320, 584

attentional spotlight, 285, 294, 296, 300, 616

audition

anatomical structure for, 164

computational goals in, 170–72

importance of, 167

neural pathways of, 168–70

range differences for, 165, 168–69

auditory agnosia, 238

auditory association area (A2), see secondary auditory areas

auditory attention, 281–82, 285, 286–87

auditory canal, 168

auditory cortex

auditory pathway and, 168, 172, 286

brain anatomy and, 56, 57

ERP and, 101

fear conditioning and, 446

language and, 474

MMF and, 385

tonotopic maps and, 97, 98

see also primary auditory cortex; secondary auditory areas

auditory driving, 209, 210

auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), 101, 541, 542

auditory functions, 44, 45, 46

auditory information transfer, 136

auditory nerve, see cochlear nerve

auditory pathway, 164, 167, 168–70, 172, 286

auditory-pattern processing, 224

auditory perception, 170–72, 210, 211

auditory processing, 56, 101, 155, 224, 473

auditory receptor cells, 27

auditory stimuli restricted to one ear, 151

auditory system, 166

see also audition

autism and autism spectrum disorders

amygdala and, 452

cortical organization and, 128

eye gaze and, 587–88, 592

face perception and, 247

mental state attribution and, 586–91, 592

social cognition deficits of, 561–63, 602

autonomic functions, 43–44, 174, 429

autonomic nervous system (ANS), 38, 39, 46, 428, 561

autoreceptors on presynaptic neurons, 34–35

axial section of brain, 41

axon collaterals, 26, 27

axon hillocks, 30, 31

axon terminals

in cortex, 50

neuron structure and, 25, 26

neuronal signaling and, 30, 31, 32

synaptic transmission and, 33, 35

axons

in cortex, 50

cortical plasticity and, 184

DTI and, 93–95

length of, 37

myelination of, 36

neuron structure and, 9, 25, 26

neuronal signaling and, 27, 30, 31, 32, 131

white matter and, 39, 40, 50

see also mossy fibers

Azevedo, Frederico, 58

 

BA, see Brodmann areas

backward referral hypothesis, 619

bacteriorhodopsin, 71

Baddeley, Alan, 387–88

Bailey, Percival, 8

balance, 44, 332, 334

Bálint, Rezső, 274

Bálint’s syndrome, 273–74, 276, 279–80, 312

Bannerman, D. M., 419–20

Bard, Philip, 435

barn owls, 170–72

Baron-Cohen, Simon, 562

Barrett, Lisa, 436

basal forebrain, 608

basal ganglia

brain anatomy and, 45, 47–49

disorders of, 80–81, 86, 96, 320, 328, 358–62, 391

dopamine system and, 510

emotion and, 428, 430

goal-oriented behavior and, 509

Leborgne's brain and, 473

LTP and, 416–17

memory and, 390

motor skills learning and, 391

motor system structure and control and, 329, 330, 332, 333–34, 335, 337

movement initiation and, 356–63, 547

neglect and, 279

neuron firing rates in, 96

prefrontal cortex connections to, 510

shifting functions of, 360–61

speech production and, 498

basal nucleus of amygdala, 437, 438

basic emotions and facial expressions, 430, 431–32, 433, 434

basilar membrane, 168, 172

basolateral nuclear complex of amygdala, 437

bats, 169, 170

Baumeister, Roy, 629

BBB, see blood-brain barrier

Beer, Jennifer, 571–72, 576, 594

behavior

brain association with, 6–7, 13, 20

connectivity and, 111, 112–13, 114

mental states and, 628–30

predictions of (criminal), 637

social layer and, 631

behavioral response, 430, 434, 437

behaviorism, 12, 13, 14

beliefs

and behavior, 621, 623, 624, 628–29, 630, 631

and the law, 636

Bell, Joshua, 208

Belyaev, Dmitry, 639

benefits of attention, 284–85, 308

benign tumors, 79–80

Berger, Hans, 14–15

Berkum, Jos van, 491

Bernard, Claude, 10

Berns, Greg, 357–58

Berntson, Gary, 460

Berridge, Kent, 531

Berry, Halle, 98, 99, 235, 262

Bestmann, S., 298

beta-amyloid plaques, 106–7, 110

Betz, Vladimir, 8, 54

Betz's cells, 54

Bianchi, Leonardo, 511

biased competition model, 291–93

BIC, see binding of items and contents model

biceps, 330, 331, 342–43

bicuculline, 321

big brain theory, 58–59

bimanual movement coordination, 348–49, 350–51, 373–74

Binder, Jeffrey, 483, 484, 485, 495

binding of items and contents model (BIC), 406, 411–12

biogenic amines, 33, 34, 35, 68

biological motion, 442

biosocial model of violence, 600

bipedalism and handedness, 156

bipolar neurons, 9, 173, 176, 186, 187, 188

birds, 153, 165

Bisiach, Eduardo, 277–78

Bisley, James, 317–18

bits and chunks of information, 386

bitter flavor, 178–79

Bizzi, Emilio, 339–40

bladder contraction, 39

Blair, James, 449–50

blank slate, brain as, 11, 12

blastula, 60

blindfolding experiments, 214, 215

blindness, 206, 213–15, 260, 261, 501

blindsight, 610–13

Bliss, T. V. P., 416–17

blobs in visual cortex, 193

Bloch, Felix, 17

Block, Ned, 609, 610

block design experiment, 108–10

block design task, 122–23, 139, 150

block detector, 17

blood-brain barrier (BBB), 35, 36, 63, 87

blood flow in the brain

functional activity and, 15, 17, 18

measuring, 15, 16, 17–18, 79, 105–10

metabolic demand and, 61

TBI and, 81

blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)

contrast, 18

see also functional magnetic resonance imaging

blood pressure and cerebral vascular disorders, 79

blood vessels, 36

Bloom, Paul, 500

Blumstein, Sheila, 483–84

BMI, see brain-machine interface

body of corpus callosum, 128

body part recognition, 258, 261

Bogen, Joseph, 121

Böhm, Gisela, 449

Bohr, Niels, 626

BOLD, see blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast

Bonin, Gerhardt von, 8

bonobos, 501, 622, 640

Boria, Sonia, 590–91

bottlenecks in information processing, 282, 283, 285

bottom-up attention hypothesis, 412

bottom-up processes, 280, 285, 292, 312

Boyden, Ed, 72

bradykinesia, 358, 363

Braille, Louis, 214

Braille reading, 214

brain

anatomy of

brainstem, 43–45

cerebral cortex, 49–58

cerebral hemispheres, 124, 125–33

diencephalon, 45–46

motor skills and, 373–74

navigational terms for, 41

perception and, 201

telencephalon, 47–49

ventral view, 4

ventricles, 42

behavior associated with, 6–7, 13, 20

as blank slate, 11, 12

blood supply and, 61, 79

CNS and, 37–38, 39

development of, 62–67

electrical stimulation mapping of, 488

evolution of, 4–5, 59, 68, 124, 127–28

history of research on, 5–10

imaging of, 16–19

levels of organization of, 627

measuring blood flow in, 15, 16, 17

organization and mapping of, 6, 7, 54–56, 57

plasticity of, 86, 139, 150, 181–84, 214, 215

regions of, 4, 5, 6–8

size of, 58–59, 67, 92–93

structural analysis of, 91–95

brain damage

attention and, 275–80

behavior and, 6–8

to frontal lobe, 54

language deficits and, 472–75

neuronal growth and, 66

to parietal lobe, 54

strokes and, 7, 79, 80

see also neurological dysfunction

brain function

blood flow and, 15, 17

evolution and, 4–5

localization of, 6–8, 10

MRI and, 17, 18

brain graph theory, 73

brain graphs and neuroimaging, 110–11

brain-gut peptides, see tachykinins

brain layers, interaction between, 624, 630, 631

brain lesions, 79–83

brain-machine interface (BMI), 352–56

brain maps for mind reading, 266

brain networks, see brain graphs and neuroimaging

brain scans, 112, 632, 634–35

brain tumors, 16, 79–80, 82, 102, 103

brains

interaction between, 631

sensitivity to environmental factors, 634

variations among and within, 632, 634

brainstem

AEPs and, 101

brain anatomy and, 40, 43–45, 48

cochlear nuclei in, 168

consciousness and, 607–8

emotion and, 449

motor system structure and, 329, 330, 332

sensory nerves and, 164–65

sound localization in barn owl and, 171, 172

strokes and, 79

brainstem nuclei, 332, 337, 341, 510, 526

Braitenberg, V., 112–13

Broadbent, Donald, 283, 285

Broca, Paul, 7, 8, 20, 47, 472

Broca's aphasia, 7, 8, 84, 472–75, 498, 503

Broca's area

anatomy of, 330, 335, 471, 473

damage to, 472–73

gestural language and, 501

hemispheric asymmetry and, 126–27, 133

history of cognitive neuroscience and, 7, 8

KE family and, 503

Lichteim's model and, 474

linguistic processing stages in, 498, 499

speech movements and, 330, 335, 337

stimulation mapping and, 488

syntactic processing and, 492, 493

unification and, 496

Brodmann, Korbinian, 8, 20, 51–52, 57

Brodmann areas

BA4, 335, 337

BA6, 335, 336, 337, 496, 550

BA8, 335, 337, 550

BA9, 496

BA17 (see primary visual cortex)

BA18, 52, 56, 392

BA19, 56, 392

BA22, 56, 155, 493, 495

BA28, 398

BA34, 398

BA35, 398

BA36, 398

BA40, 388

BA41, 56

BA42, 56

BA44, 335, 388–89, 410, 496, 498, 501, 502

BA45, 410, 496, 499

BA46, 410

BA47, 496

BA1, BA2, and BA3, 180

bronchi constriction and dilation, 39

Brown, Colin, 491, 492, 494

Brown, Malcolm, 404

Brown, Thomas Graham, 338

Brownell, Gordon, 16

bruit, 15

Bucy, Paul, 438

Bunge, Mario, 629, 631

butterfly effect, 625

 

CA1 region of hippocampus, 395, 396, 398, 399, 415, 416, 419

CA3 region of hippocampus, 399, 416, 417, 419

Cabeza, Roberto, 409, 410

Cacioppo, Stephanie (Ortigue), 462

Caenorhabditis elegans, 110

calcarine cortex, 52

calcarine fissure, 56, 611

calcium ions, 25, 29, 32, 33, 168, 418, 419

California Institute for Telecommunication

and Information Technology, 452

Call, Josep, 623

callosotomy, 86, 121, 133–35, 160, 350–51

see also split-brain research

Cannon, Walter, 435

Cannon-Bard Theory, 435

Canton, Richard, 14

Capgras' syndrome, 620

Caplan, David, 492

capsaicin, 176

Caramazza, Alfonso, 478

carbon dioxide, 36, 176

carbon monoxide intoxication, 225, 227

Carmena, Jose, 353–55

Carpenter, Malinda, 623

"Case of the Colorblind Painter, The" (Sacks), 242

CAT scanning (computerized axial tomography), see CT scanning

catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 116, 117, 514

catecholamines, 33, 34

category-based organization, 244, 245

category discrimination test, 612, 613

category-specific deficits in object recognition, 241–45, 261, 477–79

category-specific systems, 258–61, 263

see also facial recognition

cats, 169

Cattaneo, Luigi, 589–90

cauda equina, 40

caudal end of brain, 41

caudate nucleus

brain anatomy and, 47–49

cooperation and, 598

Delgado's bull and, 23

empathy and, 580

KE family and, 503

love and, 462

motor control and, 333–34, 356

neurogenesis in, 65–66

causal inference, 148, 153

causal perception, 148–49, 153

causal reasoning, 148–49

causation and behavior, 629–31

causation and correlation, 92–93, 110, 158, 251

cause and effect, interpreter and, 620–21, 623

Cavanaugh, J., 294

cell bodies of neurons

gray matter and, 39, 50

neuron structure and, 24, 25, 26, 27

neuronal signaling and, 30, 35

cell stains, 8–9

cellular architecture, see cytoarchitectonics

center-out task, 342, 343, 353–55, 368

central canal of spinal cord, 38, 40, 42

central executive mechanism, 387–88

central gyrus, 337

central nervous system (CNS)

blood-brain barrier and, 36

myelin formation in, 36

oxygen consumption by, 105

prefrontal cortex coordination of, 509–10

structure of, 37–38, 38–39

central nucleus of amygdala, 437, 438, 440–41

central pattern generators, 337–38, 341

central representation of movement plans, 338–40, 341

central sulcus, 49, 50, 51, 53–54, 97, 337, 509

centromedial complex of amygdala, 438

cephalic flexure, 62

cerebellar cortex, 44, 332, 334

cerebellar peduncles, 5, 43, 44, 45

cerebellomedullary cistern, 42

cerebellum

anatomy of, 43, 44, 45

damage to, 7, 368, 369, 372–73, 376

development of, 62

error-based learning and, 368, 369–70, 371, 375

forward models and, 371–73

happiness and, 461

KE family and, 503

LTP and, 416–17

memory and, 390

motor system structure and control and, 44, 45, 329–30, 332–35, 337

number of neurons in, 58

prefrontal cortex connections to, 510

Purkinje cells of, 9, 25, 90

sensorimotor adaptation and, 369–70

somatosensory information and, 180

speech production and, 498

thalamus and, 45

timing and, 372–73, 375

cerebral aqueduct, 42, 44

cerebral arteriosclerosis, 79

cerebral cortex, 49–59

Alzheimer's disease and, 81

anatomical asymmetries in, 125–28, 133

anatomy of, 49–51

attention and, 274, 275, 279–80, 312, 313–18, 322

brainstem connections with, 45

cellular organization of, 8

consciousness and, 607, 608

cytoarchitectonic divisions of, 51–53

development of, 62–64, 66–67, 68

functional divisions of, 53–58

infarct in, 79

layers of neurons in, 38–39, 40, 52–53

see also cortical layers

LTP and, 416–17

measuring electrical activity of, 14–15

motor system structure and control and, 329–30, 332, 334–37, 341

MRI and, 93, 94

sensorimotor learning and, 368–70

size of, 58–59

somatosensory information and, 180

thalamus and, 45–46

topographic organization of, 7

cerebral hemispheres, 6, 49–50

see also hemispheric specialization

cerebral hemorrhage, 79, 80

cerebral specializations, 132

cerebral vascular accidents, see strokes

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 38, 42, 91, 92

cerebrum, 47–49

cervical flexure, 62

cervical roots, 43

Chabris, Chris, 616–17

channelrhodopsin, 71

channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR-2), 72–73

chaos theory, 625, 631

chaotic systems, 625

Chapin, John, 352–53

chemical senses, 176, 179

chemical synapses, 32–35

chemical transmission between neurons, 27, 32–35

Cheney, Dorothy, 500

Cherry, E. C., 281–82, 283

chess, learning to play, 616–17

childhood disintegrative disorder, 561

children as eyewitnesses, 633

chimpanzees, 501, 502, 622, 623, 639, 640

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 71

chloride ions, 25, 27, 28, 29, 42

chocolate, 178, 179

Chomsky, Noam, 14, 20, 490, 500, 501, 502

chorda tympani nerve, 176, 177

chorea, 358

choroid plexus, 42

ChR-2, see channelrhodopsin-2

chronometric methodology, 76, 283

chunking of information, 386

Chura, Linda, 133

Churchland, Mark, 345–46

Cikara, Mina, 580

CIMT, see constraint-induced movement therapy

cingulate cortex, 447

see also anterior cingulate cortex; posterior cingulate cortex

cingulate gyrus, 47, 53, 428–29, 430, 461, 462, 608

circadian rhythms, 46

circumvallate papillae, 177

Cisek, Paul, 347–48

cisterns of brain, 38, 42

C.K. (visual agnosia case study), 239–40, 254, 255

Claparède, Édouard, 439, 442, 443

classical conditioning, 393, 394, 439, 446, 454

classical model of language, 470, 474

claustrum, 5

closed head injuries, 81

C.L.T. (blindsightedness case study), 611–12

C.N. (auditory agnosia case study), 238

CNS, see central nervous system

coarticulation of speech sounds, 482

cocaine, 531, 548

coccyx, 40

cochlea, 56, 97, 101, 168, 169, 172, 286

cochlear nerve, 101, 164, 168, 169, 170

cochlear nuclei, 168, 169, 172, 286

cocktail party effect, 281–82, 285, 286, 287

cognition, 4, 13

cognitive control

decision making and (see decision making)

deficits of, 510–11

defined, 508, 511

of emotion, 455–59

frontal lobe and, 57

goal-based (see goal-based cognitive control)

goal-oriented behavior and (see goal-oriented behavior)

goal planning, 532–39

in language comprehension, 496

prefrontal cortex and, 508–20

working memory and, 508, 511, 512–19

W.R. (case study), 507–8, 510

cognitive neuroscience

combining methods for study of, 74, 114–17, 118

as term, 4, 20

cognitive processing, 10, 44, 76

cognitive psychology, 74–78, 83

cognitive resource sharing, 143–44

cognitive shifting experiment, 360–61

cognitive subtraction method, 18–19

Cohen, Jonathan, 553

Cohen, Laurent, 487

Cohen, Neal, 407

coincidence detector, 171–72

Colby, Carol, 150

colliculi, 44

color attention, 302–3, 308

color-blindness, 201

color perception, 190, 194, 195, 199–200, 201–3, 207

colored-grapheme synesthesia, 212, 213

colored-hearing, 212, 213

coma, 267–68, 608

commissures, 39, 128–29, 130

see also anterior commissure; posterior commissure

communication through decoders, 267, 268–69

compensatory strategies, 85

competition between movement goals, 347, 349, 350–51, 352, 549

complex emotions, 430, 432–33, 434

complex systems, 626, 628–31, 644

computed tomography (CT or CAT scanning), 15–16, 83, 91–92, 95, 327–28

computer modeling, 111–14

computer science and psychology, 14

COMT, see catecholamine-O-methyltransferase

concentration gradients across membranes, 29, 30

concentric center-surround organization, 191–92

conceptual act model, 436

conceptual information, representation of, 474, 477–80, 481

conceptual level of action, 340–41

conceptual priming, 392

concussions, 81

conditional neurotransmitters, 34

conditioned response (CR), 393, 394, 439, 440, 442–43, 454

conditioned stimulus (CS), 393, 439, 440, 442–43, 446, 454, 527–29

conduction aphasia, 474, 475

cones, 185, 186, 187

conflict monitoring, 553–55, 556

congenital blindness, 260, 261

congenital prosopagnosia, 246

conjunction, 610

conjunction search, 299, 300

connection loops, 608

connectionist model for letter recognition, 485–86

connectivity

autism and changes in, 586

behavior and, 111, 112–13, 114

conscious experience, see consciousness

conscious processing, 609, 610, 613–20

consciousness, 606, 608–23, 644

anatomy of, 607–8

conscious and unconscious processing, 610–15

core, 607, 608

defined, 609, 618

extended, 607, 608

gaining access to, 615–18

interpreter and, 159, 620–23

left- and right-hemisphere, 621

as level of brain organization, 630

neural activity and, 618–20

in nonhuman primates, 622–23

split brain research and, 159, 620

consequentialism, 606, 636–37

consolidation of learning and memory, 381, 382, 394, 413–15, 416, 445–46

constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), 336

constructivist theories, 436

contention scheduling, 549

context

decision making and, 522, 530

word recognition and, 489–90, 493

contextual fear learning, 401

contextual learning and memory, 399–402, 419

contralateral connections, 130

convergence in nervous system, 37

conversation, 631

cooperation, 598, 623, 639, 640–42, 643

copying images test, 277, 278

Corballis, Michael, 501

Corballis, Paul, 149

Corbetta, Maurizio, 303–4, 313, 318–19

core affect, 436, 461, 464

core consciousness, 607, 608

Coricelli, Georgio, 449

Corkin, Suzanne, 394–95

coronal section of brain, 41

corpus callosum

bimanual coordination and, 373, 374

brain anatomy and, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 124, 133

CNS structure and, 39

cognitive control and, 510

conscious experience and, 159

emotion and, 428, 429

facial expressions and, 140

function of, 129–33

interhemispheric communication and, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135–36, 150

motor planning and, 349

sex-based asymmetry, 132–33

somatosensory information and, 180

surgical severing of, 86, 121, 132, 133–34, 160, 350–51

see also split-brain research

corpus striatum, 5

corrective neural activity, 619–20

correlation and causation, 92–93, 110, 158, 251

cortical blindness, 159

cortical columns, 53, 64, 67, 126–27

cortical layers, 52, 53, 60, 62–63, 64

cortical multisensory integration, 210–11, 212

cortical neurons, 37

cortical nucleus of amygdala, 438

cortical plasticity, 181–84, 214, 215, 446

cortical plate, 63, 64

cortical reorganization, 213–15, 216

cortical stimulation mapping, 488

cortical topography, 55

cortical visual areas, see visual areas

corticobulbar tract, 337

corticocortical connections, 37, 49–50, 214, 337

corticofugal projections, 37

corticospinal motor axons, 43

corticospinal tract (CST), 334–35, 337, 341

see also pyramidal tract

corticothalamic connections, 37

corticotropin-releasing hormone, 33–34, 438

cortisol, 415, 446

Coryell, Charles, 17

Cosmides, Leda, 436, 641–42

cost and decision making, 522–23

cost-benefit analysis, 447, 555

costs of attention, 284–85, 308

countercoups, 81, 82–83

coup-contra-coup injuries, 559–60

coups, 81, 82

Courchesne, Eric, 586

covert attention, 275, 280–81, 282, 285, 287, 289–90, 293

CR, see conditioned response

Craik, Fergus, 563

cranial nerve ganglia, 180

cranial nerves, 43–45, 140, 141, 164, 332, 337

Crick, Francis, 71–72, 73, 294

criminal behavior, see law

cross-modal capture effects, 208

crystallized intelligence, 514

CS, see conditioned stimulus

CSF, see cerebrospinal fluid

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 461

CST, see corticospinal tract

CT scanning (computed tomography), 15–16, 83, 91–92, 95, 327–28, 508

cue invariance, 233

cuing tasks and paradigms methods, 284–85, 296, 300, 301, 302

see also spatial cuing task

cuneate nuclei, 43

Cunningham, William, 453

Cushing's syndrome, 415

Cutler, Anne, 482

cyclotrons, 16–17

cytoarchitectonics, 8, 51–53, 57

cytoplasm, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 35, 36

cytoskeleton, 24

 

Dale, Anders, 291

Dalmatian illusion, 282

Damasio, Antonio, 447–48, 465, 607, 618

Darwin, Charles, 430, 431, 432–33, 500

Davidson, Richard, 157, 434, 456

Davis, Mike, 440

Davis, Richard Allen, 605–6, 636

Dax, Marc, 7

Dayan, Peter, 113–14

D.B. (memory case study), 567

DBS, see deep-brain stimulation

De Martino, Benedetto, 597

de Quervain, Dominique, 642

deafness, 501, 502

decay of information, 385

Decety, Jean, 579

decision making, 520–32

amygdala and, 466, 597

cognitive control and, 510

dopamine and, 510, 526–32

emotion and, 447–49, 455, 597–99

explore vs. exploit, 525–26

genetic effects on, 116, 117

insula and, 460

orbitofrontal cortex and, 597, 599

prosocial, 598

search for causal relationships and, 148

social knowledge and, 595–96

theories and classification of, 520–21

value and, 521–25, 528, 530, 532, 595–96

decision variable, 525

declarative memory, 380–81, 389–90, 391, 392–94, 412, 445

decoder adaptation in BMI, 353–54, 356

decoding, 261–69, 270

decremental conduction, 30, 32

deep-brain stimulation (DBS), 86, 362, 363, 547–48

deep cerebellar nuclei, 44, 332, 334

deep dyslexia, 477

default mode network, 411–12, 413, 553, 568–70, 575, 588, 592

degenerative disorders of the CNS, 80–81

Dehaene, Stanislas, 487

Deisseroth, Karl, 72

delay conditioning, 393

delayed nonmatch-to-sample task, 398, 399, 400, 402

delayed-response tasks, 512, 513, 515, 516–17, 520, 541–42

Delgado, Jose, 23, 24, 27

Dell, Gary, 498

Delton, Andrew, 641–42

demons (in pandemonium model), 484–85, 486

demyelination, 101

dendrites

in cortex, 50

neuron structure and, 9, 25–26, 27

neuronal signaling and, 30, 31, 35, 131

dendritic branching, 127

dendritic spines, 26, 33, 416, 418

dendritic tree, 25, 59

denervation hypersensitivity, 184

dense amnesia, 567

dentate gyrus, 65–66, 415, 416, 417, 419

dentate nucleus, 44

deoxyhemoglobin, 107

dependent variables, 75

depolarization of membrane, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 418

depression

cortisol and, 415

emotional regulation and, 459

frontal lobotomies and, 564–65

hemispheric asymmetries and, 157

neuroanatomical model of, 464

depth perception, 223

Descartes, René, 10–11, 12

descending motor signals, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338, 341

Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 500

descriptive decision theories, 521

Desimone, Robert, 288–89, 291–92

D'Esposito, Mark, 542–43

determinism, 624–25, 629, 631, 638, 644

DeWitt, Iain, 483

D.F. (visual agnosia case study), 225–27

Diamond, Adele, 513

dichotic listening task, 151, 152, 281–82, 286, 287

dichotomies in hemispheric function, 155–56

dichromats, 201

diencephalon, 43, 45–46, 62, 395, 396, 412

diffusion of neurotransmitters, 34, 35

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 93–95, 111, 128, 134, 213, 546–47, 550–51

digestive functions, 39

digit span tests, 383, 384, 386, 388

direct pathway in basal ganglia, 356, 357–58, 359, 363

directional tuning, 199–200, 342, 344–46, 348, 349, 353–55

disappointment, 449

disgust, 460–61

associated brain areas, 429, 430, 460–61, 463, 465, 466

empathy and, 577

facial expressions for, 426, 431, 432, 577

disjunction, 610

distance perception, 339

distributed representations, 415

divergence in nervous system, 37

divided attention, 303–4, 551

DLPFC, see dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

dog whistle, 165

dogs, 165, 167, 639–40

domestication of animals, 639–41

Donders, Franciscus, 10, 18

Donoghue, John, 355

dopamine

amygdala and, 438

aversive events and, 530

blood brain barrier and, 36

classification of, 33

cortical plasticity and, 184, 531

decision making and, 510, 526–32

genetics and, 514

learning and, 49, 87–88, 370, 514, 528, 530–32

movement initiation and, 356, 357, 358, 361–62, 363

MPTP and, 328

outlook and, 456

prefrontal cortex and, 514

reinforcement and, 361, 528–30, 531

reuptake of, 34

schizophrenia and, 115, 514

dopamine receptors, 88, 356, 357, 358, 359, 526, 531

dopamine-related genes, 117

dopaminergic neurons

decision making and, 526–32

motors learning and, 370

MPTP and, 83, 328

Parkinson's disease and, 80, 358, 391

dopaminergic pathways, 356, 357, 358, 370, 375, 526

dorsal columns, 40, 181

dorsal frontoparietal attention network, 312, 313–18, 319, 322

dorsal horn, 40, 42, 181

dorsal nerve root, 40, 331, 332, 338

dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream, 222, 224–28, 229, 289, 364, 502

dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), 336

dorsal-root ganglia, 40, 180

dorsal striatum, 510, 514, 526, 532, 551, 642

dorsal surface of body and brain, 41

dorsal temporopolar cortex (DTPC), 412

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

brain anatomy and, 53, 54

cognitive control and, 496, 518, 524

decision making and, 598, 638, 643

fairness and, 642

language comprehension and, 496

social cognition and, 561, 562

wine connoisseurs and, 179

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, 430, 569, 582

double dissociation

auditory recognition studies and, 224

for declarative and nondeclarative memory, 392, 443

defined, 84

for encoding, 406

hemispheric specialization studies and, 139, 140, 149, 152

lesion approach and, 85, 86

in sensorimotor adaptation, 369–70

for short-term and long-term memory, 387

visual perception studies and, 206–7

Doyle, J., 630

DRD4 gene, 116, 117

dream interpretation, 267

Driver, Jon, 539, 544–45

Dronkers, Nina, 472, 493

drug addiction, 362

drug studies, see pharmacological studies

DTI, see diffusion tensor imaging

DTPC, see dorsal temporopolar cortex

dualism, 609

Duchaine, Brad, 259

Duchenne de Boulogne, 431, 451

Duchenne smile, 451

Duncan, John, 291–92, 308

Dunker, Rainer, 536

dura mater, 38, 43

dynamic filtering, 535, 538, 539

dynamic instability, 625

dysarthria, 472, 474, 496

dyslexia, 126, 128

dystonia, 362

 

eagles, 167

eardrum, see tympanic membrane

early selection model of information processing, 283, 285, 286, 287, 311, 323

EBA, see extrastriate body area

Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 12, 200

Ebbinghaus illusion, 200, 201

eccentricity, 196

echoic memory, 384–85, 393

echolalia, 474

echolocation, 170

ECoG, see electrocortogram

Economo, Constantin von, 8

ECT, see electroconvulsive therapy

ectoderm, 60, 67

edges, detection of, 191–92, 289

edges in brain graphs, 110

Edwards, Roy, 16

E.E. (memory case study), 387

EEG, see electroencephalography

effectors, 330, 335, 337, 338, 349

efferent nerves, 331

efferent outputs from neural circuits, 37, 40

effort and decision making, 522, 523

effort-based decision making, 88

Egly, R., 308

Einstein (robot), 452

Einthoven, Willem, 14

Ekman, Paul, 431, 432, 433, 435

Elbert, Thomas, 183

electric torpedo fish, 89

electrical brain-mapping, 134

see also topographic organization and mapping

electrical gradient across membrane, 29, 32

electrical potential across membranes, 27, 68

electrical synapses, 32, 35

electrical transmission

between neurons, 35

within neurons, 9, 10, 27–32

electrochemical equilibrium, 29

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 413–14

electrocortogram (ECoG), 102–4

electroencephalography (EEG), 98–100

affective stimuli and, 157

approach-avoidance brain activity and, 587

brain networks and, 111

decoding and, 262

emotional regulation and, 455–56

epilepsy and, 81–82, 83, 100

ERP and, 100–102

facial recognition and, 250–51, 253

history of, 14–15

MEG and ECoG compared to, 102–4

as method for study of neural function, 98–100, 102, 104

N400 response and, 490–91

semantic representation and, 478–79

electromagnetic spectrum, 165

electromyogram (EMG), 331, 456

electrons in orbit, 625

electrotonic conduction, 30, 32

elephants, 168–69

embodied cognition or awareness, 364, 578

embryonic development, 60, 62

emergence, 626–27, 631

EMG, see electromyogram

EMI (electronics firm), 16

emotion

anatomy of, 428

autonomic nervous system and, 38

basic, 430, 431–32, 433, 434

case studies

E.V.R., 447

S.M., 425–27, 429, 438, 449, 450–52

S.P., 442–43, 452–53

categorization of, 430–34

cognitive control of, 455–59

cognitive processes and, 438–55

decision making, 447–49, 455

learning, 439–46

perception and attention, 446–47, 455

social stimuli, 449–54

complex, 430, 432–33, 434

decision making and, 597–99

defined, 427

dimensions of, 430, 433–34

early concepts of, 428–29

emerging concepts of, 429–30

generation of, 430, 434–37

limbic system and, 49, 428–29

odor cues and, 174

emotional learning, 439–46

emotional memory, 397, 399, 402

emotional prosody, 139, 152, 452, 463

emotional reactivity hypothesis, 639, 643

emotional regulation, 455–59

emotional state transfer, 147

emotional stimulus, 430

emotional style, 456

empathic accuracy, 573

empathy

defined, 576, 592

emotion and, 461

modulation of, 579–80

neural basis for, 366

perception-action model of, 576–77, 592

theory of mind and, 576–80

empiricism, 10, 11, 20

encoding models, 263–66, 267, 269

encoding neural activity, 262–63

encoding of learning and memory, 381, 382, 402–4, 406–7, 445

end feet of astrocytes, 36

endocrine system, 46, 561

endoderm, 60

endogenous cuing, 284, 297

endoplasmic reticulum, 24, 25

endorphins, 34

endpoint control, 340

Endress, Ansgar, 574–75

energy, 27, 29

Enigma pattern, 199

enkephalins, 34

ensemble coding hypothesis, 235, 236

entorhinal cortex

anatomy of memory and, 382

hippocampus and, 416, 417

limbic system and, 47

medial temporal lobe memory system and, 394, 395, 398, 399, 401

retrieval of memories and, 405, 407, 413

surgical removal of, 379

enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters, 34, 35

ependymal cell layer, 62, 63

epilepsy

abnormal brain activity and, 81–82, 83

EEG and, 100

Montreal procedure for treating, 13

surgical intervention for, 85–86, 98, 102, 125, 133–34, 379–80, 392, 442

topographic mapping and, 7

epinephrine, 33, 34

episodic memory

amygdala and, 397

anterograde amnesia and, 391

computer modeling and, 113–14

consolidation and, 414, 415

cortical plasticity and, 184

defined, 390, 394

encoding and retrieval of, 154–55, 404–7, 410, 413

EPSPs, see excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Epstein, Russell, 258

equilibrium potential, 31

ERFs, see event-related fields

ERN, see error-related negativity (ERN) response

ERP, see event-related potential

error-based learning, 368, 369–70, 371, 375

error detection hypothesis, 552–54, 555

error-related negativity (ERN) response, 552–53, 555

escape reflex of invertebrates, 35

Esteky, Hossein, 251

estrogen receptors, 438

Ethical Brain, The (Gazzaniga), 601

evaluative processing, 460

event-related design, 108–10

event-related fields (ERFs), 102, 103

event-related potential (ERP)

definition and overview of, 100–102, 104

echoic memory and, 384–85

encoding of information and, 402

ERN and, 552–53, 555

FEF stimulation, 316

language study and, 470, 487, 490–93, 494

multimodal processing and, 210

social cognition and, 567, 573–74, 579

spatial and feature attention and, 302–3, 305–7

spatial attention and, 285–88, 290, 293, 295, 297, 299

visual search and, 300–301

evolution

brain and, 4–5, 59, 68, 124, 127–28

decision making and, 521

face perception and, 246, 258, 270

of language, 500–2

evolutionary psychology approach to emotion generation, 436

E.V.R. (OFC damage case study), 447, 560

excitation of postsynaptic cell, 32, 34

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), 30, 31, 34, 35, 358, 416–17

executive attention, 551, 579

executive control systems, 312

executive function, 54, 579

see also cognitive control

exogenous cuing, 296, 297

experience sharing system theory, see simulation theory

experimental psychology, 10, 11

expertise, 251–52, 254, 373–74

explicit emotional learning, 443–46, 466

explicit matching task, 225–26

explicit memory, see declarative memory

explore vs. exploit, 525–26

Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 431

extended consciousness, 607, 608

exteroceptive perception, 184

extinction, 278–79, 280, 440, 448, 464, 528

extracellular fluid, 25, 27–28

extrapyramidal tracts, 332, 333, 335, 337

extrastriate body area (EBA), 258–59, 261

extrastriate visual cortex

brain anatomy and, 56, 57

connectivity patterns of, 189

feature attention and, 304, 305, 311

plasticity of, 183–84

spatial attention and, 288, 291, 292, 295

tactile perception and, 115

see also secondary visual areas; visual areas

eye

anatomy of, 185

emotional expressions and, 451–52, 455

eye-centered reference frame, 349

eye gaze, 452, 563, 585–86, 587–88, 592

see also gaze direction

eye movements

association motor areas and, 337

Bálint’s syndrome and, 279

face perception and, 450–51

motor planning and, 349

neglect and, 276–77

optic ataxia and, 228

pons and, 44

relational memory and, 407, 408

superior colliculi and, 56, 206, 209–10, 357

vestibulo-ocular reflex and, 332, 334

see also saccades

eyeblink conditioning, 372–73

eyeblink startle reflex, 456

eyewitness testimony, 633

 

F5 in monkeys, 501, 502

face, sensation and motor control of, 43, 44, 45, 140, 141, 164

face cells, 248, 249, 261

faceblindness, see prosopagnosia

facial anesthesia, 431

facial expressions

basic emotions and, 431–32, 433, 434

generation of, 140, 156

mindblindness and, 562–63

monkeys and, 502

recognition and identification of, 449–52, 455

facial feedback hypothesis, 461–62

facial nerve, 141, 164, 176, 177

facial nucleus, 140, 141

facial perception in infants, 573–74

facial recognition, 246–58

autism and, 247

brain regions involved in, 248–53

failure of (see prosopagnosia)

hemispheric specialization and, 138, 139–40, 152

holistic processing and, 255–58, 270

object recognition compared to, 253–58

patient P. T. and, 163, 203

working memory and, 516–17

fairness, innate sense of, 637–38, 641–42, 643

false-belief tasks, 145–46, 574–75, 582–84, 586, 587

false memories, 409, 633

familiarity memory, 84, 404–7, 412, 413

Faraday, Michael, 17

Farah, Martha, 244–45, 248, 257, 260–61, 478, 595

fastigial nucleus, 44

fatigue, 49

faux pas task, 593–94

FBA, see fusiform body area

fear

amygdala and, 425–27, 429, 438, 440, 448, 450, 451

appraisal theory and, 435

as basic emotion, 431, 432

Cannon-Bard Theory and, 435

conceptual act model and, 436

evolutionary psychology approach and, 436

facial expression of, 450–51

functional role of, 464

James-Lange Theory and, 434–35

LeDoux's theory and, 436–37, 441–42

Singer-Schachter Theory and, 435–36

fear-conditioning, 12, 90, 401–2, 439–43, 446, 454–55, 466

fear inhibition, 639

fear learning, 381, 401–2, 440

feature attention, 287, 301–5, 305–8, 311

feature competition, 306–8

feature extraction, 232–33

feature integration theory of attention, 300, 301, 306

feature selection ERPs, 305–6

Fechner, Gustav, 12

feelings, 427, 430, 434, 437

FEF, see frontal eye fields

Fehr, Ernst, 642

Fellows, Lesley, 595–96

Fendrich, Robert, 610–12

Feredoes, Eva, 544–45

fetal brain, 60

fetal development, 62

fetal position in womb and handedness, 158

Feynman, Richard, 625, 626–27

FFA, see fusiform face area

fiber tracts, 37, 39, 44, 93

see also corpus callosum

fight or flight response, 38, 46, 428, 430, 435, 441–42

fimbria, 382, 417 5-hydroxytryptamine, see serotonin

Flack, Jessica, 631

flanker task, 553–54

flicker fusion, 198

flickering checkerboard stimuli, 294, 296

Flourens, Marie-Jean-Pierre, 6–7

flow, 461

fluid intelligence, 514

fMRI, see functional magnetic resonance imaging

focus shifting, 534–35, 539

foliate papillae, 177

food selection task, 524

footbridge dilemma, 598–99

foraging tasks, 525–26

foramen of vertebral column, 40

forebrain, 47, 62

form perception, see shape perception

fornix, 45, 47, 382

forward models, 371–73

Fosbury, Dick, and Fosbury flop, 366, 367

Foster, D., 416

Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine (Shepherd), 11

fourth ventricle, 42, 44, 45

fovea, 167, 185, 186, 196–97, 224, 228

Fowler, Jessie A., 6

Fowler, Joanna, 16–17

Fox, Peter, 17

foxes, 639–41

FOXP2 gene, 503

FP, see frontal pole

Frackowiak, Richard, 179

Frank, Michael, 547–48

Franz, Elizabeth, 350–51

free nerve endings, see nociceptive receptors (nociceptors)

free recall activity, 146

free-riders, 641, 643

free will, 606, 619, 623–31

Freeman, Walter, 565

frequency tuning, 168, 169, 170

Freud, Sigmund, 220, 461, 545, 614

Fried, Itzhak, 98, 235

Friederici, Angela, 492, 496

Fries, Pascal, 310–11

Frith, Chris, 536

Fritsch, Gustav, 8

frontal cortex

attention control and, 313–16

brain anatomy and, 53

evolution of, 509

language and, 471, 496

memory and, 404, 408, 410, 411

motor control and, 335, 348, 351

semantic deficits and, 478

see also orbitofrontal cortex; prefrontal cortex

frontal eye fields (FEF), 313, 314–16, 319, 330, 335, 337, 539

frontal lobe

aberrations and criminal behavior, 635

brain anatomy and, 49, 50, 51, 53–54, 57, 58–59

emotional regulation and, 455–56

hierarchical evaluation and, 533

hyperconnectivity in, 586

inhibitory control and, 541, 542

language network and, 496

lesions of, 507–8, 510–11, 522–23, 535, 541, 542

maturation of, 509, 537

mesocortical pathway and, 526

motor control and, 336

phonological working memory and, 388–89

psychiatric disorders and, 564–65

subdivisions of, 509

see also frontal cortex; ventromedial frontal lobe

frontal lobe syndrome, 513

frontal lobotomy, 23, 564–65

frontal operculum, 496, 498, 578

frontal pole (FP), 503, 508, 509, 511, 533–34, 556

frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), 596

Fulton, John, 15

Fulton, Robert, 11

functional activity and blood flow, 15, 17, 18, 61

functional asymmetry, 126, 133, 155–56, 156–59

functional brain mapping, 18–19

functional connectivity, 110, 540

functional fixedness, 536

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 107–10

active repression of memory and, 545

amygdala and, 447, 449, 453, 454, 457, 460, 462

AT and PM systems and, 412

in autistic individuals, 247

backward referral of consciousness and, 619

blindsight and, 611

blood flow in the brain and, 61

brain graphs and, 111

category-specific systems and, 258–61

combined with other methods, 115

conversation and, 631

cortical organization and, 55, 169, 214, 215

decision making and, 448–49, 523–26, 530, 532–33, 595, 597–98

emotion and, 447, 457, 461, 464

encoding of information and, 402–4, 413

error prediction and, 552–53

facial recognition and, 249–50, 251, 252–53, 254

false memories and, 409

feature-based selective attention and, 304–5

functional anatomy and, 105, 107–10

history of, 17–19

house-face study, 308–9, 312

inhibitory control and, 546

insula and, 460, 461

judgment and punishment, 638

KE family and, 503

language lateralization and, 125

letter strings and, 487

love and, 462–63

mind reading with, 221, 262–63, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268

mirror systems and, 364, 366

monitoring and, 550, 553–54

moral dilemmas and, 599

motor planning and, 349, 351, 352

multisensory integration and, 210

multitasking and, 540

object recognition and, 227, 231–32, 233, 234

olfactory system and, 174–75

perception and imagery and, 242, 268

posterior cortex modulation and, 542–43

predictions of mental states and, 572–73

rest periods and brain activity, 568

retrieval of memories and, 404–6, 408, 410–11, 413, 535, 538

self-perception and, 571

semantic representation and, 478–79

social cognition and, 566–67, 577–79, 580, 596

social group evaluation and, 452–54

spatial attention and, 290–93, 294–95, 296, 308–9, 539

speech and, 483, 484, 498

synesthesia and, 213

theory of mind and, 145–46, 575–76

TMS used with, 539, 541, 544–45

visual system and, 195–97, 198–99, 201

word recognition and, 255, 489–90

working memory and, 389, 517

fungiform papillae, 177

Funnell, Margaret, 469–70

Fusar-Poli, Paulo, 464

fusiform body area (FBA), 258–59, 261

fusiform cortex, 252

fusiform face area (FFA)

autism and, 247, 586

delayed response task and, 516–17, 542–43

face perception and, 249–53, 254, 255, 259, 261, 584–85

FEF stimulation and, 316

house-face study and, 308–9, 312

localizer task for, 582

mind reading and, 263, 266

social cognition and, 561

fusiform gyrus

anatomy of object recognition and, 222

animal perception and, 261, 478

autism and, 247

color perception and, 199–200, 201

face perception and, 249, 251, 487

inanimate object perception and, 261, 478

lateral, 261, 478, 487

medial, 199–200, 261, 478

memory encoding and, 109

recollections and, 404

social intuition and, 456

visual attention and, 304–5

visual word form area, 255

 

GABA, see gamma-aminobutyric acid

GABA agonists and antagonists, 320, 321

Gabrieli, John, 392

Gage, Phineas, 559–60, 561

Galea, Joseph, 369

Gall, Franz Joseph, 6, 136

Gallant, Jack, 264

Gallup, Gordon, 622

Galton, Francis, 165, 373, 374

Galuske, R. A., 155

galvanometer, 11, 14

gambling tasks, 597–98

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 33, 34, 184

gamma motor neurons, 330

ganglia, 37–38

ganglion cells, 9, 185, 186, 187, 191

Ganguly, Karunesh, 353–55

gap junctions, 35

Garavan, Hugh, 548

gastrointestinal tract, 176, 177

gated ion channels, 29, 32, 168

gating mechanisms for attention, 186, 283, 286

gaze bias, 276–77

gaze direction, 144, 585–86, 640

Gazzaniga, Michael, 147, 153, 601

Gehring, William, 619–20

Gelade, G., 299

gene-environment interactions, 374

gene knockout technology, see knockout procedures, genetic

generative syntax, 138

generosity, 641–42

genetic manipulations, 89–91

genetic models for handedness, 158

genetic polymorphisms, 115–17

geniculocortical pathway, 186, 187

geniculostriate pathway, 214, 612

genital organs, blood flow to, 39

genotype-phenotype mapping, 630

genu of corpus callosum, 128

Georgopoulos, Apostolos, 342, 344

Geschwind, Norman, 126, 474

gestural communication in nonhuman primates, 154, 500–2

Ghanzanfar, Asif, 631

Gilbertson, Mark, 93

glands and autonomic nervous system, 38, 39

glial cells

brain tumors and, 79

CNS structure and, 39, 40

function of, 24, 35–36

radial, 62–63, 64, 67

global and local processing, 144–45, 150, 151, 153

global aphasia, 474

globus pallidus (GPi), 47–48, 333–34, 356–57, 358–59, 362, 547

glomeruli, 173

glossopharyngeal nerve, 164, 177

glucocorticoid receptors, 415, 438

glucocorticoids, 446

glucose

consumption by brain, 79, 105

in CSF, 42

imaging tissue consumption of, 16–17

metabolism in OFC, 600

glutamate, 33, 34, 418, 438

glycine, 33, 34

gnostic units, 234, 235

goal-based cognitive control, 539–49

active repression and, 545

inhibition of action, 545–49

modulation of perceptual processing and, 539–45

multitasking and, 540

goal-directed processes, 274, 280, 285, 297, 309, 312, 315–16

goal-directed regulation of empathic responses, 579

goal-oriented behavior, 511–20

brain anatomy and, 49, 509

constraint of stimulus-driven behavior by, 624

decision making, 521

ensuring success of, 549–55

failures in, 533

habitual actions contrasted with, 511–12

need for cognitive control in, 508, 512

PFC organization and, 519–20

retrieval and selection and, 535–39

working memory and, 508, 511, 512–20

goal planning, 532–39

goal representations, 516, 517, 533, 534

goal selection, 346–48

Goldberg, Mickey, 317–18

Goldman-Rakic, Patricia, 14, 512

Golgi, Camillo, 8–9, 10

Golgi apparatus, 24, 25

gonadotropic hormones, 46

Goodale, Mel, 225–27

Goodman, Gail, 633

gorillas, 501, 622

GPi, see globus pallidus

Grabowecky, Marcia, 541, 542

gracile nuclei, 43

Grafton, Scott, 349, 351

grammar, 136, 137, 138, 472–73, 475, 480, 481

see also syntax

grammar-lexicon distinction, 136

grand mal seizure, 83

grandmother-cell hypothesis, 235, 236, 248

granule cell layer of dentate gyrus, 65, 416, 417, 419

Gray, Jeffrey, 213

gray matter

brain anatomy and, 42, 50

brain development and, 67

brain graphs and, 111

brain tumors and, 79

CNS structure and, 39, 40

computed tomography and, 91–92

DTI and, 94

KE family and, 503

loss of, 600–601

MRI and, 93, 94

in prefrontal cortex, 509, 600–601

Green, Anne, 3, 4

Greene, Joshua, 599

Greenwald, A. G., 452

Gross, James, 427, 457

growth hormone, 46

G.S. (visual agnosia case study), 219–20, 240, 243

guided search, 144

Gusnard, D. A., 568

gustation, 176–79

gustatory cortex, 176, 177

gustatory nucleus, 176, 179

gustatory pathway, 164, 167, 176–77, 179

gyri, 49, 50, 57, 65–66, 93

 

habenula, 526, 530

habits, 511–12, 520, 521

habituation, 393, 418

Hagoort, Peter, 491, 492, 494, 495

hair cells in inner ear, 168, 169, 172

Halobacterium halobium, 71

haloperidol, 87

Hamann, Stephan, 461

hand-centered reference frame, 349

Handbook of Emotions, 427

handedness, 153–54, 156–58

hands

communication with, 500–2

coordinated use of two, 348–49, 350–51, 373–74

MEPs of, 364–66

happiness, 426, 431, 432, 451, 461, 462, 465

Hare, Brian, 639, 640

Hari, Ritta, 385

harm versus benefit ratio, 435

Hasson, Uri, 631

Hayden, Benjamin, 525–26

Haynes, John-Dylan, 198, 619

He, Sheng, 198

headaches, chronic, 362

heart, 38, 39, 43, 45

Hebb, Donald O., 13, 20, 181

Hebbian learning, 415–16, 417–18, 420, 531

Heinze, Hans-Jochen, 290, 304

Heisenberg, Werner, 626

Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig von, 10, 14, 280–81, 293, 323

hemianopia, 206, 611

hemiplegia, 335–36, 337

hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry (HERA), 154

hemispheric specialization, 121–60

analytic-holistic dichotomy and, 155, 258

anatomy of cerebral hemispheres and, 124, 125–33

discovery of, 121–23

evidence from normal brain, 150–53

evolutionary basis of, 153–59

interpreter and, 146–49, 153

lesion studies and, 149, 150, 151, 153, 160

object recognition and, 232

processing style and, 155–56

split-brain research and, 123–24, 136–45

attention and perception, 140–45

language and speech, 136–39

visuospatial processing, 139–40

theory of mind and, 145–46

hemodynamic response, 73, 107, 108, 110

hemoglobin, 17, 18, 107

HERA, see hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry

Hernández-Peón, Raul, 286, 2887

heroin, 327–28

herpes simplex encephalitis, 241, 414

herpes simplex virus, 80, 81

Heschl's gyrus, 56, 170, 473, 482–83, 485

Heschl's sulcus, 170

heterotopic areas and connections, 128, 130, 133

hierarchical coding hypothesis, 234

hierarchical representation of action sequences, 340–41

hierarchical structure and processing, 144–45, 150, 151

high road of emotion generation, 436–37, 441–42, 454

higher cognitive functions, 53

higher order brain areas, 462

higher order information transfer, 136, 141–42

Hikosaka, Okihide, 530

Hillyard, Steven, 286–87, 302–3, 305–6, 490–91, 494

Hilts, Philip, 394

hindbrain, 43, 62

hippocampal complex, 53

hippocampal-dependent memory, 65

hippocampal lesions, 84, 90, 393

hippocampal neurons, 26, 72

hippocampal reactivation, 114

hippocampus

active repression of memory and, 545

chronic stress and, 92–93

consolidation and, 413–14, 415, 416, 445–46

cortical plasticity and, 184

cortisol and, 415

emotion and, 428, 429, 430, 449, 461

emotional style and, 456

encoding and, 402–4

explicit memory and learning and, 443, 444, 445–46

limbic system and, 47

long-term potentiation and, 416–17

love and, 462

memory and, 381–82, 383, 393, 394–96, 397–402, 412–13

mesolimbic pathway and, 526

multiunit recording and, 97

neurogenesis in, 65–66

olfaction and, 174

reactivation of memories and, 113–14

relational memory and, 406, 407

retrieval and, 404, 405, 406, 409, 411

surgical removal of, 379, 383, 394–95

histamine, 33, 34, 179

Hitch, Graham, 387–88

Hitzig, Eduard, 8

H.M. (memory case study), 379–80, 381, 383–84, 390, 391, 392, 394–96, 399

Hobbes, Thomas, 12

Hodgkin-Huxley cycle, 31

Holcomb, Phil, 491

holding an object, 348

holistic processing, 256–58, 261, 270

homeostasis, 46

Homo habilis, 501

Homo sapiens, 623

Homo sapiens sapiens, 501

homotopic areas and connections, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133

homunculus, 55, 180, 182, 184, 550, 552, 555–56

Hopf, Max, 293, 305, 306

Hopfinger, Joseph, 290–91, 297, 313

horizontal section of brain, 41

hormones, 36, 46

Hounsfield, Godfrey Newbold, 16

house-face study, 308–9, 312

"how" pathway of visual perception, see dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream

How the Mind Works (Pinker), 609

HPA, see hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Hubel, David, 191–93, 234

hue-matching experiment, 202

Hughlings Jackson, John, 7, 13

human genome, mapping of, 89–90

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 81

Hume, David, 12

Humphreys, Glyn, 239

Huntington's disease, 80, 81, 82, 90, 358, 359, 391

H.W. (language case study), 469–70, 474, 498

hybrid encoding model, 264, 267

hybrid models of word comprehension, 489, 493

hydrocortisone, 415

hydrogen atoms, 92–93

hyperkinesia, 358, 361–62

hypermetric movements, 371

hyperpolarization of membrane, 31, 32, 34, 35

hypoglossal nerve (in birds), 153

hypokinesia, 358, 363

hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons, 35

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 561

hypothalamic releasing hormones, 33–34

hypothalamus, 46

brain anatomy and, 43, 45, 46, 47

consciousness and, 607, 608

emotion and, 428, 429, 430, 435, 447

limbic system and, 47

olfaction and, 174

reward information and, 526

hypoxia, 567

 

IAT, see Implicit Association Test

iconic memory, 384, 385, 393

ideational apraxia, 336, 337

ideomotor apraxia, 336

IFG, see inferior frontal gyrus

illusion of unified self, 623–24

illusions, visual, see visual illusions

ILN, see intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus

imitative behavior, 589, 622–23

immune response of nervous system, 36

Implicit Association Test (IAT), 452

implicit emotional learning, 439–43, 454, 466

implicit memory, see nondeclarative memory

impression formation task, 581–82

impulsivity, 456, 547–48

inanimate vs. animate objects, recognition of, 241, 243–45, 260–61, 442, 478–79

incus, 168

independent variables, 75

indirect pathway in basal ganglia, 356, 357–58, 359, 363

infectious disorders of the CNS, 80, 81

inferior colliculus, 44, 45, 168, 169, 172, 542

inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

attention and, 319

brain anatomy and, 49

emotion and, 461, 462

inhibitory control and, 546–47

language and, 472, 484, 489–90, 493, 496, 498, 503

memory encoding and, 109

memory retrieval and, 535

motor control and, 337, 352

inferior frontal lobe/cortex, 7, 492–95, 535, 537–38, 540, 543–47, 553

see also inferior frontal gyrus; inferior frontal sulcus

inferior frontal sulcus, 534

inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, 95

inferior longitudinal fasciculus, 222

inferior olives, 5

inferior parietal cortex, 330, 334, 335, 387, 496

inferior parietal lobe (IPL), 352, 374

inferior surface of brain, 41

inferior temporal cortex/lobe

face perception and, 251, 253, 516–17

language and, 478, 483, 498

object recognition and, 222, 224, 225, 235

synesthetes and, 213

see also inferior temporal gyrus

inferior temporal gyrus

animal recognition and, 261

brain anatomy and, 49

emotion and, 461, 462

face recognition and, 248

language and, 483, 485, 495

inferotemporal neurons, 294

information processing, 74–78, 112–13, 282, 283

Information Processing I, 13

infrared light, 73

inhibition of action, 545–49

inhibition of postsynaptic cell, 32, 34

inhibition of return (IOR), 296–97, 311, 320

inhibitory control, 541–49

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 32, 34, 35, 258

inner ear, 168

insects, 165

instructed fear paradigm, 444

insula (insular cortex)

ACC and, 465

anger and, 461

attention and, 275, 322

autism and, 586

brain anatomy and, 51, 53, 459–60

brainstem and, 608

disgust and, 461–62, 463

emotion and, 429, 447, 460

emotional decision making and, 598

emotional style and, 456

empathy and, 577–78, 579, 580, 592

evaluative processing and, 460

gustatory cortex in, 176, 177, 179

interoception and, 460

language and, 471, 474

Leborgne's brain and, 473

love and, 462

prediction error and, 530

social cognition and, 561, 577–78

speech production and, 337, 498

integrated processing, 83

integrative agnosia, 239–40, 241

intelligence, 514

intention, inferring of, 590–91

intention tremor, 333

intentionality, shared, 623

interactive models

of speech production, 499

of word comprehension, 489, 493, 495–96

interaural time and intensity differences, 171, 172

interference control, 514

interference of information, 385

interhemispheric communication, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135–36, 150

interhemispheric (longitudinal) fissure, 48, 49, 51, 124

intermediate zone, 63, 64

internal capsule, 5, 45

internal carotid arteries, 61

interneurons, 42, 329–30, 331–32, 334, 335

interoception, 460, 608

interparietal sulcus, 49

interposed nuclei, 44

interpreter, 146–49, 153, 159, 620–23, 630, 644

interventricular foramen, 42

intracortical axonal connections, 184

intracranial devices, 23, 98, 102–4

intracranial pressure, 81

intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus, 608

intraparietal sulcus (IPS), 229, 313, 316, 317, 319, 337, 349

intuition, 616–17

invalid trial, 284

ion channels, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 68

ion pumps, 28, 29–30, 68, 71

ions, 25, 27, 32, 36, 42

IOR, see inhibition of return

Iowa Gambling Task, 448

IPL, see inferior parietal lobe

IPS, see intraparietal sulcus

ipsilateral connections, 130, 332

IPSP, see inhibitory postsynaptic potential

ischemia, 79, 395, 396

isolated retrograde amnesia, 414

isopotential neurons, 35

isthmus of corpus callosum, 133

 

Jackendoff, Ray, 609, 616

Jackson, Daren, 455

James, LeBron, 367

James, William, 274–75, 282, 323, 430, 431, 434–35

James-Lange Theory, 434–35, 436

Jasper, Herbert, 13, 55

J.B.R. (visual agnosia case study), 241, 243

jealousy, 432–33

joint attention, 585

Joliot-Curie, Frederic, 16

Joliot-Curie, Irene, 16

J.S. (visual agnosia case study), 227

jugglers, 183–84

Just, Marcel, 493

justice, 636–38, 643

J.W. (split-brain case study), 136, 137, 139–40, 142, 621

J.W. (synesthesia case study), 211–12

 

Kaas, Jon, 181

Kadish, Sanford, 638

Kali, Szabolcs, 113–14

Kant, Immanuel, 12

Kanwisher, Nancy, 258, 263

Kanzi (bonobo), 501

Kapp, Bruce, 440

Kasparov, Gary, 617

Kastner, Sabine, 292–93, 294

K.C. (memory case study), 567

KE family, 503

Keele, Steven, 360–61

Keillor, Garrison, 570

Kelley, William, 410, 566–67

Kennedy, D. P., 588

Kety, Seymour S., 15, 16

K.F. (memory case study), 386, 387

Kimura, Doreen, 151, 152

kinesthetic codes, 243

Kirschbaum, Clemens, 415

Klaas, Polly, 605–6, 636, 637

Klein, Stanley, 567–68

Kleinschmidt, Andreas, 308–9

Klin, Ami, 587

Klunk, William, 106

Klüver, Heinrich, 438

Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 438

knee-jerk reflex, 37, 40

Knight, Robert, 104, 541, 619–20

knockout procedures, genetic, 90–91, 118, 419–20

Konishi, Mark, 171–72

Korsakoff's syndrome, 80, 396, 439, 567

Kovacs, Agnes, 574–75

Krakauer, David, 629

Krasnow, Max, 641–42

Kuffler, Steve, 191

Kuhl, David E., 16, 17

Kuhl, Patricia, 481

Kuperberg, Gina, 491–92

Kurzban, R., 454

Kutas, Marta, 490–9 1, 494

 

L-DOPA, 87, 328, 361–62, 363, 370, 514

LaBar, Kevin, 446

LAN, see left anterior negativity

Lange, Carl, 435

Langston, William, 327–28

language

anatomy of, 471

brain damage and deficits of, 472–75

case studies

H.W., 469–70, 474, 498

KE family, 503

comprehension of (see language comprehension)

evolution of, 154, 156, 500–2

genetic components of, 503

left-hemisphere dominance for, 502

right-hemisphere and, 138, 471, 621

study of (see linguistics)

see also left-hemisphere

Language and Communication (Miller), 13

language-associated cortex, 126–28

language comprehension, 480–95

aphasia and, 472, 473, 474, 475

context and word recognition, 489–90

integration of words in sentences, 490

mental lexicon and, 475, 476, 477

neural models of, 495–96

perceptual analysis of input, 480–81

semantic processing, 490–91

spoken input, 480, 481–84

syntactic processing, 491–93, 495

written input, 480–81, 484–85

language development, 133

language network in left-hemisphere, 496

language systems approach, 470

laser surgery, 118

late selection model of information processing, 283, 285, 323

lateral dorsal nucleus, 45

lateral fissure, 509

lateral fusiform gyrus, 261, 478, 487

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

brain anatomy and, 43, 45, 46, 320

optic nerve fibers and, 206

receptive fields of, 191–92

visual system and, 56, 167, 186, 187

visuospatial attention and, 294–95, 296, 297, 298

lateral intraparietal (LIP) area, 317–18, 349

lateral-medial gradient of PFC function, 520

lateral nucleus of amygdala, 437, 438, 440

lateral occipital cortex (LOC), 196, 222, 227, 233, 236

lateral occipital gyri, 49, 205

lateral parietal cortex, 411, 524, 561, 568

lateral posterior nucleus, 126

lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC)

cognitive control and, 509, 511, 512, 515, 516–17, 518, 522–24

corrective neural activity and, 619–20

difficulty of task and, 554–55

lesions in, 541, 542

selection of task-relevant information and, 535, 536, 556

task switching and, 539

see also dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

lateral premotor cortex, 509

lateral sagittal section of brain, 41

lateral ventricles, 42, 48

laterality research, 150–52, 160

lateralization, see hemispheric specialization

Lauterbur, Paul, 17

law, 631–43

cooperation, 639, 640–42

eyewitness testimony, 633

punishment, 636–39, 641–42

responsibility, 632, 634–36, 642–43

law of effect (of Thorndike), 12

Lawrence, Ernest O., 16

layer III pyramidal cells, 127

Lazarus, Richard, 435

LC, see locus coeruleus

leading questions, 633

learned disuse, 336

learning

biological basis for, 13, 20

dopamine and, 49, 87–88, 370, 528, 530–32

emotion and, 439–46

error-based, 368, 369–70, 371, 375

fear, 381

memory and, 380, 381, 382

motivation and, 49

motor skills, 366–75

reinforcement and, 361, 528–30, 531–32

sensorimotor, 368–70

spatial, 90

Leborgne (Broca's patient), 7, 472–73

LeDoux, Joseph, 147, 153, 436–37, 440–42

Leeuwenhoek, Anton von, 11

left angular gyrus, 387

left anterior negativity (LAN), 492, 493

left-ear advantage, 152

left-handedness, 133

left-hemisphere of brain

analytic processing and, 258

anatomical asymmetries with right-hemisphere, 125–28

approach behaviors and, 157

brain anatomy and, 57

causal inference and, 148, 153

conscious experience and, 159, 620–21

dominant functions of, 135, 152, 156

facial expressions and, 140, 141

facial recognition and, 139–40, 152

gestural communication and, 501–2

global and local processing and, 145

guided search and, 144

interpreter mechanism of, 146–49, 153, 620–23

language areas and network in, 473, 496

language processing in, 104, 125, 139, 149, 154, 471

learning process and, 617

motor control and language specializations, 156–58

object function and, 240–41

phonological working memory and, 388–89

semantic categorization and, 131

sequential movements and, 156

sexual dimorphism in, 132–33

speech production and, 7, 138, 155–56, 498–500

split-brain surgery and, 58, 135

see also hemispheric specialization

left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), 496, 502

see also Broca's area; inferior frontal gyrus

left perisylvian cortex, 386, 387, 488

left perisylvian language network, 471

left utricle, 158

Leibniz, Gottfried, 10–11, 12

lemmas, 497, 498

lesion studies

auditory processing and, 224

hemispheric specialization and, 124, 145, 149, 150, 151, 153, 160

in Japanese macaque, 154

knockout procedures as, 90

as method, 83–85

neural network models and, 113, 114

prosopagnosia and, 246, 248

virtual lesion approach, 88

visual processing and, 201, 206–7, 222, 224, 237–39

letter discrimination task, 619–20

letter-matching task, 74–76

letter priming, 137

letter recognition, 137, 144–45, 485–87

letter strings, 487

levels-of-processing model of memory, 563

Levelt, Willem, 496–98, 500

lexemes, 498

lexical access, 475, 480, 481, 489–90, 493

lexical competition, 490

lexical integration, 475, 494

lexical neighborhood, 476

lexical selection, 475, 480, 481, 489–90, 493, 497

lexicons, 136, 137, 152

LFPs, see local field potentials

LGN, see lateral geniculate nucleus

Lhermitte, Francois, 511

Libet, Benjamin, 619, 620, 630

Lichtheim, Ludwig, 474

LIFG, see left inferior frontal gyrus

light-gated ion channels, 72

limb loss and BMI, 353, 355

limbic system

as emotional brain, 428–29, 430

brain anatomy and, 45, 46, 47, 49, 57, 428

mirror neuron system and, 577

positive emotions and, 461, 462, 463

limited capacity stages, 275, 282, 283, 285

Lindquist, K. A., 438, 461, 464

line cancellation test, 277, 278

lingual gyrus, 199, 201, 213, 261

lingual lipase, 176

linguistics, 13, 14

LIP, see lateral intraparietal (LIP) area

Lissauer, Heinrich, 237

living things, agnosia for, 241, 243, 245, 478

lobes of cerebral cortex, 49, 50–51, 57

LOC, see lateral occipital cortex

local and global processing, 144–45, 150, 151, 153

local circuit neurons, 37

local field potentials (LFPs), 311

local networks in brain, 59, 154

localizationism, 7, 10, 20

localizer tasks, 582–83, 584

location planning, 339–40

locationist view, 429, 461, 464, 474, 475

Locke, John, 12

locked-in syndrome, 267–68, 608

Lockhart, Robert, 563

locus coeruleus (LC), 608, 619

Loftus, Elizabeth, 476–77, 633

logic, 11

logographic writing system, 484, 487

Logothetis, Nikos, 223

Lombardo, Michael, 586–87

Lømo, T., 416–17

long-term forms of memory, 380, 381, 389–94

long-term memory

active repression of, 545

amnesia and, 379, 382

consolidation and, 381

declarative, 380, 381, 389–90, 392, 393–94

defined, 380, 393

frontal cortex and, 408, 410, 411

hippocampal lesions and, 401

inability to form, 379, 383–84, 395

modal model and, 385–86, 387

nondeclarative, 380, 381, 389, 390–93, 394

reactivation in, 402, 407–8, 410

retrieval of, 402, 404, 406–8, 410–13, 415

structures associated with, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404–7

long-term potentiation (LTP), 415, 416–20

longitudinal fissure, 48, 49, 51, 128

Lorenz, Edward, 625

love, 432–33, 461–63

low road of emotion generation, 436–37, 441–42, 455

LPFC, see lateral prefrontal cortex

LTP, see long-term potentiation

Luck, Steven, 300–301, 305–6, 306–8

Lupien, Sonia, 415

Luzzatti, Claudio, 277–78

 

M1, see primary motor cortex

MacLean, Paul, 47, 428–29

MacMillan, Malcolm, 560

macroplanning of message preparation, 496–97

“Magical Number Seven, Plus-or-Minus Two, The” (Miller), 14

magnesium ions, 418, 419

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 92–93

Alzheimer's disease and, 397

anatomical asymmetries and, 126

bimanual coordination and, 373

brain graphs and, 111

brain injuries and, 83

degenerative disorders and, 81, 327–28

EcoG grids and, 104

history of, 17, 18

of Leborgne's brain, 472–73

of lower back, 635

object recognition and, 227

on patient C.L.T., 611

on patient H.M., 394–95

structural analysis of brain and, 92–93, 94, 95

surgical sectioning examined by, 134

tumors and, 387

see also diffusion tensor imaging; functional magnetic resonance imaging

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

feature-based selective attention and, 304–5, 306

human brain network and, 111

overview of, 102, 103, 104

semantic representation and, 478–79

somatosensory representations of hands, 183

visual attention and, 293, 295

Mahon, Brian, 261

major depression, 415

malignant tumors, 79–80

malleus, 168

mammillary bodies, 46, 47, 48, 382, 411, 412

Mangun, G. R., 304

mania and right-hemisphere damage, 157

MAOA, see monoamine oxidase A

maps of motor and sensory cortices, 7, 13

see also topographic organization and mapping

Marcel, Tony, 614–15

Marder, Eve, 627–28

marginal value theorem, 525

marginal zone, 63, 64

Markowitsch, Hans, 386–87

Marslen-Wilson, William, 489

Martin, Alex, 478

masking paradigm, 614–15

massa intermedia, 45, 46

Matching-by-Function Test, 240–41

matching vs. maximizing, 148

materialism, 609

maternal bonding and love, 46, 463

Mathis, Chester, 106

Matsumoto, Masayuki, 530

maximizing vs. matching, 148

Maxwell's laws of classical electromagnetism, 625

maze-bright and maze-dull rats, 90

maze tracing task, 616, 617

McAdams, Carrie, 289–90

McAlonan, K., 294

McCarthy, Gregory, 487

McClelland, J. L., 244–45, 260–61, 478, 485–86, 489

McDermott, Kathleen, 409

McGaugh, James, 445

McGurk effect, 208, 209

McNaughton, Bruce, 97, 416

Meadows, J. C., 201–2

Mechanism of Human Facial Expression, The (Duchenne), 431

mechanoreceptors, 168

medial dorsal nucleus, 45, 47

medial frontal cortex (MFC), 508–9, 511, 547, 548, 550–55, 556, 599

medial fusiform gyrus, 199–200, 261, 478

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), 45–46, 56, 167, 168, 169, 172, 320

medial intraparietal (MIP) area, 349

medial nucleus of amygdala, 438

medial parietal cortex, 561, 562, 570

medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)

autism and, 586, 587

brain anatomy and, 53, 54

cognitive control and, 524

default network and, 568–69, 570, 575

mental state attribution and, 581–82, 583–84, 592

PHC and, 412

self-referential processing and, 561, 566–67, 568, 573

simulation theory and, 575–76

social cognition and, 561, 579, 602

theory of mind, 145

see also ventromedial prefrontal cortex

medial temporal lobe memory system, 381–82, 384, 394–402, 568

medial temporal lobe (MTL)

anatomy and, 45, 398, 411

asymmetries in, 126

consolidation and, 404, 406, 414, 415

default network and, 568

encoding and, 404, 406

lesions of, in animals, 397–402

memory and, 113–14, 379–80, 383–84, 387, 390, 422

memory system of, 381–82, 384, 394–402, 568

retrieval and, 406–7, 409

semantic deficits and, 478

single-cell recordings and, 98

surgical removal of, 383, 384

thalamus and, 45

median eminence, 46

medulla, 43–44, 45, 164, 169, 179, 180, 181

medulla oblongata, 607

medullary pyramids, 5

MEG, see magnetoencephalography

Meissner's corpuscles, 179, 180

membrane potential, 27–30, 31, 32, 185

memory

anatomy, 381–82

arousal-enhanced, 445

case studies

D.B., 567

E.E., 387

H.M., 379–80, 381, 383–84, 390, 391, 392, 394–95, 399

K.C., 567

K.F., 386, 387

M.S., 392

R.B., 395, 396, 398, 399

cellular basis of, 415–20

consolidation, 381, 382, 394, 413–15, 416, 445–46

deficits of (see amnesia)

emotion and, 428

encoding, 381, 382, 402–4, 406–7

episodic (see episodic memory)

false, 409

grammar-lexicon distinction and, 136–37

imaging, 402–13

knockout procedures and, 90

language comprehension and, 495

levels-of-processing model of, 563

long-term forms of, 380, 381, 389–94

measurement of, 12

multiple systems of, 13, 14

odor cues and, 174

perceptions and, 13, 14, 76, 221, 232, 233

quality, 402

retrieval (see retrieval of memories)

self-reference effect and, 563, 566

semantic, 244–45, 394, 410, 413, 414–15

short-term forms of, 380, 381, 383, 384–89

sleep and, 415, 416

social cognition and, 561

spatial, 184, 420

storage (see storage of memories)

stress and, 415, 446

structures supporting, 421, 422

types and processing of, 380–81, 384, 385–86, 421

working (see working memory)

memory comparison task, 77

memory distortion, 147–48

memory encoding, 109–10

memory failure, 109

memory retrieval, 109–10

memory tests, single and double dissociations, 84

memory traces, 381, 384–85, 393, 414, 416

memory-unification-control model of language comprehension, 495–96

meninges, 38

meningiomas, 560

Menon, Ravi, 55

mental lexicon, 475–80, 480–81, 489, 490, 497

mental representations, 74–78

mental retardation and the law, 635–36

mental state attribution, 575, 602

autism and, 586–91

neural correlates of, 580–86

mentalizing, see theory of mind

meperidine, 328

MEPs, see motor evoked potentials

Merkel's cells, 179, 180

Merzenich, Michael, 181

mesencephalic reticular formation, 44, 46

mesencephalon, see cerebellum; midbrain; pons

mesial temporal sclerosis, 442

mesocortex, 52, 53

mesocortical pathway, 526

mesoderm, 60

mesolimbic pathway, 526

Mesulam, M. Marcel, 312

metabolism, radioactive tracers and, 16

metrical information, 497

Meynert, Theodor, 8

MFC, see medial frontal cortex

MGN, see medial geniculate nucleus

Miall, Chris, 371, 372

mice, 169

microcolumns, 53

microelectronics, 187

microglial cells, 35, 36

microplanning of message preparation, 496–97

microscope, early, 11

microstimulation of neurons, 618–19

midbrain, 43–45, 62, 101, 169, 181, 279, 608

middle cerebral artery, 80

middle ear, 168

middle frontal gyrus, 49, 319

middle temporal gyrus (MTG)

brain anatomy and, 49

emotion and, 449, 462

language and, 471, 478, 483, 485, 489–90, 493, 496

lesions of, 204, 205

midsagittal section of brain, 41

Miesenböck, Gero, 72

Migaud, Martine, 420

migraine headaches, 79

migratory cells of cortex, 62–63, 64

Milan Cathedral, 277–78

milk production, 46

Mill, John Stuart, 12

Miller, Earl, 515–16

Miller, George A., 4, 13–14, 20, 386

Miller, Michael, 146, 632, 634

Milner, Brenda, 13, 14, 383

Milner, David, 225–27

Milner, Peter, 526

mind-brain system, 631

mind reading, 221, 261–69

encoding and decoding, 261–63

future of, 266–69, 270

statistical pattern recognition, 263–66, 267

mindblindness, 562, 587

minicolumns, 53, 126

minimally conscious state, 266

Minsky, Marvin, 13

MIP, see medial intraparietal (MIP) area

mirror neurons and systems, 363–66, 501, 561, 575, 577–79, 589–92, 602

mirror self-recognition, 622

Mishkin, Mortimer, 222, 224, 397–98

mismatch field (MMF), 384–85

mismatch negativity (MMN), 100, 384–85

Mitchell, Jason, 570, 581–82, 588–89

Mitchell, Robert, 622

mitochondria, 24, 25

MMF, see mismatch field

MMN, see mismatch negativity

M.N. (BMI case study), 355–56

modal model of memory, 385–86

model-based decisions, 521

model-free decisions, 521

modern science, birth of, 11

modular models of word comprehension, 489, 493

modulation of perceptual processing, 539–45, 549

modules and modularity, 154–55, 159

Molaison, Henry, see H.M. (memory case study)

Moll, Henrike, 640–41

monitoring system for behavior, 550–55, 556

Moniz, Egas, 565

monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 117

monoaural presentation of stimuli, 151

monosynaptic reflex arc, 37

Montaldi, Daniela, 406

Montreal procedure, 13

Monument Valley, 301, 302

Moore, Tirin, 314–15

moral decisions, 592–93, 598–99

Moran, Jeff, 288–89

Moran, Joseph, 571

More is Different (Anderson), 628

Morishima, Yosuke, 315–16

morphemes, 475–76, 480, 497

morphological encoding, 497

Morris water maze, see water-maze studies

Moscovitch, Morris, 397, 414

Mosso, Angelo, 15

mossy fibers, 416, 417

motion encoding model, 264

motion perception, 190, 194, 195, 199, 200, 203–6, 263

motion processing areas, 289

motivation, 49, 374, 375, 434, 461

motivation to eat, 178, 179

motor adaptation, 367

motor areas, 334–37, 348–49, 351

motor axons, 40

motor control

action understanding and mirror neurons, 363–66

anatomy and, 44, 49, 329–37, 375, 376

brain-machine interface and, 352–56

computational issues in, 337–41

goal selection and action planning, 346–52

language and, 471

learning and performing new skills, 366–75

movement initiation and basal ganglia, 356–63

neurophysiology of, 342–46

motor cortex

action observation and, 364–66

brain anatomy and, 44, 53–54, 58

brain development and, 62, 67

cortical topography and, 55

Huntington's disease and, 358, 359

motor system structure and, 329, 330

movement initiation and, 357, 361, 362

Parkinson's disease and, 358, 359, 362

prefrontal cortex connection to, 510

reorganization in, 184

sensory cortex and, 346

speech production and, 498

TMS stimulation of, 88

motor evoked potentials (MEPs), 364–66

motor execution, 334, 345, 346, 348–49, 364, 375

motor implementation level of representation, 340–41

motor intention, 349, 351

motor learning, 367

motor neurons, 330–32

anatomy and control of motor structures

and, 329–32

auditory system and, 169

brain anatomy and, 40, 42, 43, 45, 54

optogenetics and, 72–73

single-cell recording and, 96

somatosensory receptors and, 180

motor nuclei, 43, 44

motor outputs, 44

motor pathway diagram, 375

motor planning, 334, 336, 341, 344–45, 346–52, 375

motor preparation, 49

motor shifting experiment, 360

motor skills, learning and performing, 366–75

adaption, 367–70

expertise, 373–74

forward models, 371–73

shift in cortical control, 366–67

motor structures, anatomy and control of, 329–37

Motormouth (TV show), 156

Motter, B. C., 291

Mountcastle, Vernon, 191

movement direction, 342–45, 346

movement initiation, 356–63

M.P. (visual perception case study), 204, 205

MPFC, see medial prefrontal cortex

MPTP, 327–28

Mr. I (achromatopsia case study), 242

M.R. (social cognition case study), 559

MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging

M.S. (memory case study), 392

MTG, see middle temporal gyrus

MTL, see medial temporal lobe

Mueller, Notger, 308–9

multimodal integration hypothesis, 412

multimodal perception, 207–13

multisensory integration in the brain, 167, 207–11, 212, 216

processing errors, 211–13

multiple realizability, 627–28, 631, 644

multiple sclerosis (MS), 32, 80, 81, 101

multiple trace theory, 414, 415

multistable perception, 223

multitasking, 540

multiunit recording, 97–98, 104

Münte, Thomas, 302–3, 492

Murray, Ryan, 578–79

muscimol, 320, 321

muscle fibers, 330, 331, 337

muscle memory, 366

muscle spindles, 331, 332

muscles, 330–32

myelencephalon, see medulla

myelin, 26, 32, 36, 52, 94

myelin sheath, 31, 32, 50

myelinated axons, 30, 32, 36, 62, 67

myelinated pain neurons, 179–80

Myers, Ronald, 133, 136

mylohyoid muscle, 589–90

 

n-back tasks, 514, 518–19

n-body problem, see three-body problem

N170 response, 250–51, 253

N400 response, 490–91, 492, 493, 495

Näätänen, Risto, 285, 286

Nadel, Lynn, 414, 415

Nagel, Thomas, 609

Napoleon Bonaparte, 6

nasal branch of optic nerve, 186

nasal cavity, 173, 175

Navon, David, 144–45, 153

neck, sensation and motor control of, 43

negative feedback, learning from, 595–96

negative prediction error (NPE), 528, 530, 531

neglect, 276–80, 312, 316, 319, 608, 612, 613

neocerebellum, 332–33, 334

neocortex

brain anatomy and, 45, 52, 53, 56

consolidation and, 414

emotion and, 435

episodic memory and, 113–14

hippocampal memory system and, 399, 401

lesions of, 398, 399

mesocortical pathway and, 526

nondeclarative memory and, 390

neocortical association areas, 416, 417

neospinothalamic tract for pain, 128

neostriatum, 48

nerves, 37, 39

nervous system

development of, 60–67

structure of, 37–39

see also central nervous system; periphera nervous system

Nesbitt, Eric, 635–36

Neumann, John von, 13

neural activity

direction of, 167

modulation of, 36

optogenetic control of, 72–73

rate of, 131

recording of, 352–56

neural areas, 37

neural circuits, 37, 45, 68, 126–27, 133

neural coding of movement, 342–43

neural ectoderm, 60

neural function

methods for the study of

electrocortogram, 102–4

electroencephalography, 98–100

event-related potential, 100–102

functional magnetic resonance imaging, 107–10

magnetoencephalography, 102

positron emission tomography, 105–7, 110

single-cell recording, 95–98

methods to perturb

genetic, 89–91

magnetic or electrical stimulation, 88–89

pharmacological, 87–88

neural groove, 60, 67

neural network models, 113, 114, 131, 244–45

neural patterns of activity, 37

neural plasticity, 336, 369, 416, 531

neural plate, 60, 67

neural reductionism, 627–28, 629

neural reference space, 464, 465

neural systems, 37

neural traces, 385

neural tube, 60, 62, 67

neural tube defects, 62

neurochemical lesions, 83

neuroeconomics, 520, 521–22, 596–98, 599

see also value and decision making

neuroethics, 600–601

neurofibrillary tangles, 397

neurogenesis, 62, 63, 64–66, 67

neuroglial cells, see glial cells

neurohypophyseal hormones, 33

neuroimaging and brain graphs, 110–11

neurological dysfunction

brain-behavior relationships, 83–85, 86

causes of, 79–83

surgical intervention for, 85–86

see also neural function, methods to perturb

neurology, 3, 5

neuron doctrine, 9–10

neuronal columns, 53

neuronal conduction, 4

neuronal membrane, 27–30, 68

neuronal proliferation, 62–63, 67

neuronal signaling, 23, 27–32

neuronal switches, 71, 72–73

neurons

anatomy of, 24–26

defined, 24, 68

dynamic properties of, 345–46

electrical circuits of, 23–24

electrical transmission within, 9, 10, 27–32

generation of (see neurogenesis)

layers of, 38–39, 40, 49–50

organization in CNS, 38–39, 40, 42

staining of, 8–9

synaptic transmission between, 27, 32–35

see also nuclei (clusters of neurons)

neuropeptide Y, 438

neuropeptides, 33–34, 35, 68

neurophysiology, 95

neuropores, 62

neuropsychological tests of neglect, 277–78

neuroscience, 4

neurotransmitters, 33–35

amygdala and, 438

astrocytes and, 36

auditory pathway and, 168

cortical plasticity and, 184

inactivation of, 34–35

motor neurons and, 331

study of neural function and, 87–88

synaptic transmission and, 27, 32–35, 68

neurulation, 60

neutral trial, 284

Newell, Allen, 13

Newsome, William, 618–19

Newton, Isaac, and Newton's laws, 624–25, 626

night vision, 166–67, 171

Nisbett, Richard, 613

Nissl, Franz, 8

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, 90, 418–20

Nobili, Leonardo, 11

Nobre, A. C., 487

nociceptive receptors (nociceptors), 176, 179, 180, 184

nodes in brain graphs, 110

nodes of Ranvier, 26, 31, 32

nonassociative learning, 393, 394

nondeclarative memory, 380, 381, 389, 390–93, 394

nongated ion channels, 29, 32

nonverbal cues

impaired use of, 562, 587–88

theory of mind and, 573, 575, 584–86, 592

nonverbal response techniques, 135

norepinephrine, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 184, 438, 608

Norman, Donald, 549

normative decision theories, 520–21

nostrils, 175, 176

Nottebohm, Fernando, 153

novelty, 319, 447, 455, 552

N2pc, 305–6

NPE, see negative prediction error

nuclear magnetic resonance, 17

nuclei (clusters of neurons)

brain anatomy and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49

nervous system structure and, 38, 40

nucleus accumbens, 456, 526, 580, 598

nucleus of cell, 24, 25

nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, 169

nucleus of the solitary tract, 176, 177

 

object agnosia, 255–56

object attention, 287, 308–9, 311

object constancy, 230–31, 236, 237–39, 241

object discrimination task, 225, 226

object identification, 142, 207

Object Permanence Test, 513

object properties, 308

object recognition

anatomy of, 222

auditory, 238

category specificity, 241–46, 258–61

computational problems in, 228–36

failures in, 236–41

four major concepts of, 220–21

patient P.T. and, 163, 203

visual perception pathways and, 222–28, 270

see also facial recognition; mind reading;

visual agnosia

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 361, 565

OCB, see olivocochlear bundle

occipital cortex, 510

occipital face area (OFA), 259

occipital lobe

brain anatomy and, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57

corpus callosum and, 128, 129, 135

facial recognition and, 246, 248

object recognition and, 222, 225, 226, 227, 232, 233

semantic representation and, 478

surgical removal of, 392

TMS over, 89

occipitotemporal cortex (OTC), 227, 229, 252, 486–87

Ochsner, Kevin, 427, 455, 457, 459, 576

O'Craven, Kathleen, 263

ocular apraxia, 279

ocular ataxia, 279

ocular dominance columns, 67, 193, 197

odorants, 173, 175, 176

Oedipus Rex (play), 5

Oesterhelt, Dieter, 71, 72

OFA, see occipital face area

OFC, see orbitofrontal cortex

Ogawa, Seiji, 17–18

Ojemann, George, 488

old/new effect, 410

old/new recognition test, 409

Oldendorf, William, 16

Olds, James, 526

olfaction, 172–76

olfactory bulb, 65, 165, 173, 176, 438

olfactory epithelium, 173, 175

olfactory nerve, 164, 165, 173, 174, 176

olfactory pathway, 164, 173–74, 176

olfactory perception, 174–76

olfactory system, 165–66

see also olfaction

olfactory tract, 128

oligodendrocytes, 35, 36

olivary nuclei, 168, 169

olivocochlear bundle (OCB), 286

open head injuries, 81

operculum, 176, 179

opiates, 456

opioid peptides, 34, 438

opsins, 71, 72, 73

optic ataxia, 227–28

optic chiasm, 46, 153, 164–65, 186, 187

optic nerve

anatomy of eye and, 185

brain anatomy and, 43, 56

ERPs and, 101

severing of, 159

visual pathway and, 121–22, 164, 186–87

optic thalamus, 5

optical illusions, 164

optogenetics, 72–73, 86, 114, 118, 526

oral movements, 156

orangutans, 622

orbicularis oculi muscle, 451

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

anger and, 449–50, 464, 466

brain anatomy and, 47, 53, 54, 465, 509

cooperation and, 598

damage to, and decision making, 447–49

damage to, and social cognition, 559–61, 571–72, 573, 593–95

decision making and, 522–24, 532, 597, 599

depression and, 464

dysfunction of, and violent behavior, 600–601

emotion and, 428, 429, 430, 447–49, 463

memory and, 411, 413

reversal learning and, 595–96

secondary olfactory area, 173, 174, 176

self-perception and, 571–72, 573

social cognition and, 561, 562

taste processing area of, 176, 177, 178, 179

traumatic brain injury and, 81, 82, 83

organelles of cell, 24, 25

Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 13

orientation columns, 192, 193

orientation perception, 198, 199

orientation selectivity, 192, 193, 202

orientation task, 206–7

orientation tuning, 197, 289

orofacial dyspraxia, 503

Ørsted, Hans Christian, 11

orthogonal planes through brain, 41

orthographic input code, 481, 486–87

Ortigue, Stephanie, 462

Osterhout, Lee, 491

OTC, see occipitotemporal cortex

outer ear, 168

outlook, 456

oval window, 168, 169

overt attention, 275, 280, 285, 296, 320

Owen, Adrian, 268

oxygen

blood-brain barrier and, 36

consumption by brain, 17, 79, 105

radioactive forms of, 16, 105, 110

oxygenation and MRI, 17–18, 61

oxytocin, 33, 46, 438

 

P600 response, 491–92, 495

Pacinian corpuscles, 179, 180

PAG, see periaqueductal (central) gray matter

pain

brainstem and, 608

empathy for, 577–78, 579, 580, 581, 592

neospinothalamic tract for, 128

receptors for, 176, 179, 180

tDCS treatment for, 89

paleocortex, see primary olfactory cortex

pallidotomy, 362

pallidum, 462

pandemonium model, 484–85, 486

Papez, James, 47, 428, 430

Papez circuit, 428, 430

papillae on tongue, 176, 177, 178

papillary light reflex, 129

parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

hippocampal memory system and, 401

hippocampus and, 416

lesions of, 399, 400

medial temporal lobe memory system and, 382

memory encoding and, 109, 404

memory retrieval and, 405–6, 407, 411–13

object recognition and, 261

parahippocampal gyrus, 53, 109, 395, 398, 409, 461

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

defined, 258, 261

delayed-response task and, 542–43

fMRI and, 258, 259, 263, 266, 268

house-face study and, 308–9, 312

mind reading and, 261, 263, 266, 268

parahippocampus, 258

paralimbic region, 53

parallel processing, 77, 347, 351, 356, 436–37, 616

parallel systems, 258

paralysis, see spinal cord injuries

parasympathetic branch of autonomic nervous

system, 38, 39, 428

paraventricular nuclei, 46

parietal cortex

action planning and, 348, 349, 351

anatomy of motor regions and, 330

attention control and, 316–18, 321–22

memory and, 382, 410–13, 422

motor control and, 334, 335, 336–37

prefrontal cortex connection to, 510, 516

semantic deficits and, 478

social cognition and, 561, 562

working memory and, 514

parietal lobe

in Alzheimer's disease, 397

brain anatomy and, 49, 50, 51, 54, 57

control of attention and, 316–18

corpus callosum and, 128, 129

decision making and, 524

dorsal stream and, 222, 224–25, 227, 228, 229

goal-oriented behavior and, 509

language and, 471

love and, 462

mirror neurons in, 364

motor control and, 336–37, 349

object recognition and, 237

phonological working memory and, 388–89

selective attention and, 228

spatial attention and, 226

parietal neurons, 316–17

parieto-occipital sulcus/cortex, 51, 389

parietofrontal processing, 349

Parkinson's disease

deep-brain stimulation and, 547–48

as degenerative disorder, 80, 81, 82

dopaminergic neurons and, 526

facial expressions and, 140, 141

L-DOPA therapy for, 514

motor skill learning and, 391

movement initiation and, 358–59, 361–62, 363

MPTP and, 83, 327–28

shifting hypothesis and, 360–61

surgical treatments for, 86

pars opercularis, 472, 496

pars orbitalis, 496

pars triangularis, 472, 496

Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 214

passionate love, 462–63, 466

Passionate Love Scale, 462

passive current conduction, 30, 31, 32, 35

passive ion channels, 29, 32

patch clamp techniques, 118

Pattee, Howard, 626, 630

pattern recognition task, 131

Pauling, Linus, 17

Pavlov, Ivan, 393

Pavlovian conditioning, see classical conditioning

Payne, Jessica, 415

payoff and decision making, 522–23

PC, see precuneus

PCC, see posterior cingulate cortex

PE, see prediction error

Pelphrey, Kevin, 585–86

Penfield, Wilder, 7, 12–13, 55, 513

peptide hormones, 46

peptide receptors, 438

perception

access-consciousness and, 616

action link to, 363, 375

amygdala and, 466

attention and, 140–45, 283–85

defined, 164

emotional stimuli and, 446–47, 455

recognition and, 220–21

sensation and, 165

study of, 14

subliminal, 614–15

see also auditory perception; multimodal perception; olfactory perception; tactile perception; taste perception; visual perception

perception-action model of empathy, 576–77, 592

percepts

defined, 164

formation of, 197–200

multistable, 223

of objects, 232, 233, 235

olfactory, 175

synesthesia and, 212

threshold stimulus and, 165

visual, 163, 220

perceptual priming, 392, 394, 422

perceptual reorganization, 213–15

perceptual representation system (PRS), 392

Peretz, Isabelle, 238

perforant pathway, 416, 417

periaqueductal (central) gray matter (PAG), 463

perigeniculate nucleus, see thalamic reticular nucleus

peripheral nervous system (PNS), 36, 37–38, 39

peripheral physiological response, 430, 434, 435, 437

peripheral vision, 196

perirhinal cortex (PRC)

anatomy of, 382, 412

anterior temporal system and, 411–12, 413

atrophy of, 414

familiarity and, 406–7

hippocampus and, 416

medial temporal lobe memory system and, 394, 395, 398, 399, 400, 401

memory retrieval and, 405–6

peristimulus histograms, 96

perisylvian cortex, 386, 387

permeability of ion channels, 29

Perrett, David, 585

perseveration, 510, 534, 539

person perception, see mental state attribution

personal responsibility, 606, 624, 631, 632–36, 642–43

personality inference, 581–82

pervasive developmental disorders, not otherwise specified, 561

Pessoa, Luiz, 438

PET, see positron emission tomography

Peters, Ellen, 449

Petersen, Steven, 18, 320–21, 487, 616, 617, 620

Petrides, Michael, 518

Petty, William, 3

PFC, see prefrontal cortex

Pfister, Hans-Rüdiger, 449

phagocytes, 36

phantom limb sensation, 183

pharmacological studies, 86, 87–88, 91

PHC, see parahippocampal cortex

Phelps, Elizabeth, 147–48, 444, 447, 452–53

Phelps, Michael, 16, 17

phenomenal awareness, 609, 624

pheromones, 173

philosophy, 10–12

phonemes, 476, 480, 481–82, 483, 484, 498

phonological encoding, 497, 498

phonological input code, 480, 481

phonological loop, 387–88

phonological unification, 496

phonology, 487

phosphene threshold (PT), 298

phosphenes, 211, 298

photodiodes, 188

photopigments, 185

photopsin, 185

photoreceptor proteins, 72

photoreceptors, 185–86, 187, 188

phrenology, 6, 20

physics, 624–28

physiological response, 430, 434, 435, 437

pia mater, 38

Piaget, Jean, 513

PiB (Pittsburgh Compound B), 106–7, 110

Pick's disease, 80

picture-to-word priming paradigm, 615

pigtail macaques, 631

pineal body, 45

Pinker, Stephen, 500, 609, 615–16, 641

pinna, 171

Pirela, Simon, 635

Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB), 106–7, 110

pituitary gland, 46

place cells, 399, 402, 416

place recognition, 258, 261

planum temporale, 126, 133

Plato, 638

pleasure, 461, 580, 581

PM, see posterior medial (PM) system

PMC, see premotor cortex

PMd, see dorsal premotor cortex

PMv, see ventral premotor cortex

PNS, see peripheral nervous system

Poincaré, Jules Henri, 625

pons, 43, 44, 46, 62, 164, 169, 607–8

pontine flexure, 62

pontine reticular formation, 44

pontomedullary junction, 164

pop-out search, 299, 300, 306

population vectors, 342, 343–45, 346, 349, 352–53, 355–56

pores between neurons, 35

portrait analysis of visual deficits, 203, 204

position discrimination task, 225, 226

positive prediction error (PPE), 527–28, 530, 531

positron decay, 16

positron emission tomography (PET), 105–7

biological motion and, 442

blindsight and, 611

blood flow in the brain and, 61

chimp communication and, 502

cortical reorganization and, 214

default network and, 569, 588

dopamine metabolism and, 328

functional anatomy and, 105–7, 108, 110

gustatory system and, 178, 179

history of, 15, 16–17, 18

language lateralization and, 125

object recognition and, 225, 226, 232–33

prefrontal cortex activity and, 564

punishment and, 642

scaffolding to storage movement and, 616, 617

selective attention and, 303–4

semantic representations and, 478

social cognition and, 578–79

spatial attention and, 290

speech production and, 498

syntactic processing and, 492, 493, 495

tumors and, 387

violent behavior and, 600

visual system and, 190, 194–95, 199

visual word form area and, 487

word association and, 535

working memory and, 389

positron scanners, 16

Posner, Michael, 18, 74–76, 284, 285, 583

postcentral gyrus, 49, 54, 182

postcentral sulcus, 49

posterior cerebral artery, 79

posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)

Alzheimer's disease and, 397

default network and, 568, 569

emotional decision making and, 599

emotions and, 458, 462

language and, 471

memory and, 411, 412–13

social cognition and, 561, 562

posterior commissure, 112, 124, 128–29, 130, 133

posterior cortex modulation, 542–43, 549

posterior end of brain, 41, 83

posterior insula, 51

posterior medial (PM) system, 411–12, 413

posterior neuropore, 62

posterior parietal cortex (PPC), 330, 334, 335, 349, 410–11

posterior pituitary gland, 46

posterior superior temporal sulcus/cortex, 145, 387

postsynaptic membrane receptors, 33, 34, 35, 90

postsynaptic neurons, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 68, 418

postsynaptic potential, 34, 417

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 93–94

posture disorders, 327–28

potassium ions

in CSF, 42

in hair cells, 168

neuron signaling and, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32

neuron structure and, 25

Powers, William, 16

PPA, see parahippocampal place area

PPC, see posterior parietal cortex

PPE, see positive prediction error

PRC, see perirhinal cortex

precentral gyrus, 49, 53–54, 335, 355, 484, 498, 503

precentral sulcus, 49

preconscious processing, 620

precuneus (PC)

Alzheimer's disease and, 397, 412

attentional control and, 313

default network and, 553, 568

emotion and, 461

memory and, 411, 412–13

theory of mind tasks and, 145

precursor cells of cortex, 62, 63, 67

Predictability (Lorenz), 625

prediction error (PE), 527–28, 530–31, 532

prediction of criminal behavior, 637

predictions, 371–73, 375

prednisone, 415

preference and decision making, 522, 524

preferred direction, 342, 343–44, 345, 346

preferred orientation of visual cortex cells, 192, 193

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

active repression of memory and, 545

approach and withdrawal and, 157

brain evolution and, 68

brainstem and, 608

cognitive control and, 508–20

conceptual priming and, 392

corpus callosum and, 68, 128, 129

in different species, 510

dopamine and, 14

dorsal, 544–45

dynamic filtering, 535, 538, 539

emotion and, 430, 461, 462

emotional regulation and, 457–59

emotional style and, 456

evolution of, 509

extinction and, 448, 464

frontal lobotomies and, 565–65

functions of, 53, 54

goal planning and, 533, 534

hierarchical organization of, 519–20

hypothalamus and, 14

inferior, 543–45

inhibitory control and, 543–44, 549

language and, 471, 483, 496

lesions in, 512–13, 533, 541–42

limbic system and, 47

memory and, 382, 397, 410, 413, 422

modulation of processing and, 543–45

motor system structure and control and, 332–33

number of neurons in, 58–59

psychiatric disorders and activity in, 564–65

regions of, 509, 511

selection of task-relevant information and, 535, 538

social cognition and, 561, 562

social group evaluation and, 453

volume and antisocial personality, 600–601

working memory and, 14, 512–20

see also lateral prefrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Premack, David, 573, 574

premotor cortex (PMC)

action planning and, 347–48, 349, 351

brain anatomy and, 44, 54

corpus callosum and, 128, 129

goal planning and, 533, 534

language network and, 496

mind reading and, 268

mirror neurons and, 363–64

motor system structure and control and, 329, 330, 332–33, 334, 335, 336, 337

object recognition and, 243

orofacial musculature and, 502

prefrontal cortex connection to, 510

semantic representation and, 478

preoccipital notch, 50, 51

presupplementary motor area, 546, 547

presynaptic neurons, 27, 32, 33, 34–35

Preuss, Todd, 83, 85, 503

Previc, Fred, 158

pride, 431–32, 433

primary auditory cortex (A1)

AEPs and, 101, 541, 542

anatomical orientation of, 166, 170

auditory pathway and, 169, 172

brain anatomy and, 45, 46, 56, 57

dendritic spread in, 127

language network and, 496

speech perception and, 482, 483, 485

topographic mapping of, 98

primary gustatory cortex, 166, 176, 178, 179

primary motor cortex (M1)

BMI and, 352–53

brain anatomy and, 53, 54, 58, 509

corpus callosum and, 128, 129

motor system structure and control and, 330, 332–33, 334, 335–36, 337

movement direction and, 342–43, 344

neuron responses in, 346

sensorimotor adaptation and, 369–70

skill retention and, 369–70, 375

speech production and, 498

stop-signal task and, 546

primary olfactory cortex, 53, 165, 166, 173, 174, 175, 176

primary reinforcers, 522, 526, 532

primary sensory cortex, 52, 58, 128, 132, 165, 166, 330

primary somatosensory cortex (S1), 46, 54, 129, 180–82, 184, 335

primary visual cortex (V1)

anatomical orientation of, 166, 186

in blind individuals, 214

blindsight and, 612

callosal connections in, 128

cytoarchitectonics and, 8, 52

fMRI and, 108, 197, 264, 265

lesions in, 206–7

multistable perception and, 223

neuronal coherence with attention in, 310, 311

in newborn, 62

novel emotional stimuli and, 447

optic nerve pathway to, 121–22

receptive field organization in, 192–93

surgical removal of, 392

synapse elimination in, 67

thalamus and, 45, 46, 294–95

TMS over, 210–11

visual illusion and, 198–99, 201

visual processing and, 56, 57, 187, 189, 206, 222

visual system and, 37

visuospatial selective attention and, 289–93

primary visual pathway, 56, 610, 611–12

primates, nonhuman, 153–54, 500–2

priming, 313, 314, 392

prism adaptation, 368, 369

prisoner's dilemma game, 598

probability and decision making, 522–23, 524, 528, 529

probability-guessing paradigm, 148

problem solving, 613–14

procedural memory, 383, 390–91, 394

processing speed, 276

processing style in cerebral hemispheres, 155–56

progressive semantic dementia, 477

progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 80, 320

projection tracts

brain anatomy and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 56

CNS structure and, 39

proliferative zones, 62

property-based organization, 244, 245

proprioception, 54, 180, 184, 368, 608

proprioceptive system, 330

prosocial decision making, 598

prosody, 139, 152, 471, 482, 484, 502

prosopagnosia, 246, 248, 254–56, 261, 562, 622

see also facial recognition

prosthetic limbs, 356

protein molecules, 25, 27, 28, 42

pruning of synapses, see synapse elimination

P.S. (split-brain patient), 147, 621

PSP, see progressive supranuclear palsy

psychiatric disorders and frontal lobes, 565–65

psychic blindness, 438

psychoactive drugs, 87

psycholinguistics, 470, 504

psychological constructionist approach, 429–30

psychology, history of research in, 10–14

Psychology, the Science of Mental Life (Miller), 13

PT, see phosphene threshold

P.T. (visual perception case study), 163, 203, 204

PTSD, see posttraumatic stress disorder

Public Goods game, 641

pulvinar, 45–46, 186–87, 275, 312, 316, 320–22

punishment, 448, 528, 530, 636–39, 641–42, 643

pupil of eye, 39

Purcell, Edward, 17

pure alexia, 486–87

pure word deafness, 482, 484

Purkinje, Jan Evangelista, 9

Purkinje cells, 9, 25, 37, 90

Purkinje image eye tracker, 610–11

putamen, 47–49, 333, 334, 356, 462, 503

pyloric rhythm in spiny lobster, 627–28

pyramidal decussation, 43, 334–35

pyramidal tract, 43, 54, 332, 333, 334–35, 337

pyriform cortex, see primary olfactory cortex

 

quadriceps, 332

qualia, 609

quantum theory and mechanics, 625–26, 631

Quintillianus, Marcus Fabius, 413

 

Rabi, Isidor, 17

racial bias and stereotyping, 452–54

radial arm maze, 419–20

radial glial cells, 62–63, 64, 67

radial unit hypothesis, 63–64, 67

radioactive tracers, 16–17

Raederscheidt, Anton, 276–77

Raichle, Mark, 17, 18, 568, 616, 617, 620

Raine, Adriane, 600

Rakic, Pasko, 64

Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 183

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 9, 10, 20, 24, 64

Ranganath, Charan, 402–4, 406, 411–12

range of stimuli, 165, 168

Ranvier, Louis-Antoine, 26

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 44

RAS, see reticular activating system

Rasmussen, Theodore, 125

raster plots, 96

rat somatosensory cortex, 180, 182

rate of firing of action potentials, 32, 33

rationalism, 10–11

Rauschecker, Josef, 483

R.B. (memory case study), 395, 396, 398, 399

rCBF, see regional cerebral blood flow

reaching for stimulus, 316–17, 348, 349, 353–55, 370

reaction time and cognitive processing, 10, 76, 284–85

reactivation in long-term memory, 402, 407–8, 410, 414

reading words, 480–81, 484–87

reappraisal of emotion, 457–59

rEBA, see right extrastriate body area

rebound effect, 517

recency memory, 84, 512–13, 518–19

receptive field encoding model, 264, 265

receptive fields of visual cells

area MT and, 190

corpus callosum and, 129, 132

cortical visual areas and, 189

defined, 96–97

primary visual cortex and, 191–93

retinotopic maps and, 187

spatial attention and, 289–90, 293–94

receptor cells for sensory systems, 164, 165–67

reciprocity, 637–38, 641, 642, 643

recognition memory, 76–77, 256, 257, 512–13

recognition test, 147–48

recollection, 404–7, 412, 413

rectifying electrical synapses, 35

reductionism, 627–28, 629

Rees, Geraint, 198, 263

reference frames for movement, 349

reflex arcs, 180

reflex pathways, 40

reflexes, 331, 332, 336, 341

reflexive attention, 280, 285, 295–97, 311

reflexive cuing, 296, 297, 299

refractory period, 31

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 106

regret, 448–49

Reid, Clay, 289–90

Reiman, Eric, 18

reinforcement and learning, 361, 528–30, 531

relational memory, 390, 406, 407, 408

relative refractory period, 31

REM sleep, see rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

remote sensing, 184

repetition suppression effect (RS), 231–32, 351, 352

replay of neural activity, 416

representation of value, 522–25, 532

reputation, 597, 641

resilience, 456

resonant properties, 170

respiratory system, 39, 40, 45

response conflict hypothesis, 553–55

response selection model, 549–50

response system level of representation, 340–41

response time (RT) to stimulus, 210–11

responsibility, see personal responsibility

resting membrane potential, 27, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 34

resting state of neuron, 27

restorative justice, 637, 638

retention of memories, see consolidation of learning and memory

reticular activating system (RAS), 428, 608

reticular formation, 332, 608

retina

anatomy of, 185–86

EPSPs and, 30

receptive field organization, 191

topography of, 98

visual acuity and, 167

visual pathway and, 45, 46, 56, 186–87

retinal, 71

retinal implant, 188

retinogeniculate pathway, 187

retinogeniculostriate circuit, 37

retinogeniculostriate pathway, 56

retinotopic coordinates, 150

retinotopic organization and mapping

defined and illustrated, 97, 98, 187, 189, 190

in LOC, 196

PET and, 106

spatial attention and, 287, 291, 292

retributive justice, 606, 632, 636, 637–38, 643

retrieval of memories

amnesia and, 394

contextual, 399, 401–2

defined, 381, 382

episodic vs. nonepisodic, 405, 406–7

false memories and, 409

frontal cortex and, 408, 410

hippocampus and, 404, 405, 406

lateral anterior temporal lobe and, 415

parietal cortex and, 410–13

perirhinal cortex and, 405–7

reactivation and, 408

recollection and familiarity, 404–7

task-relevance and, 535, 538

task switching and, 538–39

retrograde amnesia, 382, 384, 395, 401, 410, 412–15, 567

retrosplenial cortex (RSC), 397, 410–13, 553

Rett syndrome, 561

reuptake of neurotransmitters, 34, 35, 36

Reverberi, Carlo, 536–37

reversal learning, 448, 514, 595–96

reverse waking replay, 416

reward

decision making and, 448, 521–25

dopamine and, 526–30, 531–32

eating and, 178, 179

goal-oriented behavior and, 511–15, 520

happiness and, 461

reward-based learning, 49, 87–88

R.H. (coma case study), 267, 268

rhodopsin, 185

ribosomes, 25

Ribot, Théodule, and Ribot's Law, 382, 384

Richey, Maureen, 411–12

Riddoch, Jane, 239

right-ear advantage, 151, 152, 155

right extrastriate body area (rEBA), 259

right-handedness, 126, 153–54, 156, 158

right hemisphere interpreter, 149

right-hemisphere language, 621

right-hemisphere of brain

amodal completion and, 149

anatomical asymmetries with left-hemisphere, 125–28

attentional orienting and, 57, 160

causal perception and, 148–49, 153

complex skills and, 617

conscious experience and, 159, 621

facial expressions and, 140, 141

facial recognition and, 138, 139–40, 152, 154–55, 160, 248

gaze direction response of, 144

global and local processing and, 145

holistic processing and, 258

impoverishment in split-brain patients, 146

inferential abilities of, 138

language and, 138, 471, 621

linguistic capabilities in, 137, 138–39, 152

neglect and damage to, 276–78, 279–80

object constancy and, 238–39, 241

perceptual categorization and, 131

sexual dimorphism in, 132–33

theory of mind and, 145–46

ventral attention network and, 319, 322

visuospatial processes and, 7, 135, 149, 152

visuospatial working memory and, 389

withdrawal behaviors and, 157

see also hemispheric specialization

right lateral occipital area (rLO), 259–60

right occipital face area (rOFA), 259

right temporoparietal junction, 582–84

Ringo, James, 131

risk-aversion, 449

Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 348, 363, 460–61, 501

rLO, see right lateral occipital area

Robertson, Lynn, 145

Robinson, David Lee, 320–21

rods, 185, 186, 187

Roediger, Henry, 409

rOFA, see right occipital face area

Rolls, Edmund, 448

Romei, Vincenzo, 210–11

Roser, Matt, 148–49

Ross, Lee, 613

rostral end of brain and spinal column, 41

RS, see repetition suppression effect

RSC, see retrosplenial cortex

RT, see response time (RT) to stimulus

Rubinstein, Ariel, 641

Ruffini corpuscles, 179, 180

Rumelhart, David, 485–86

 

S1, see primary somatosensory cortex

saccades, 228, 279, 289, 314–20, 530

see also eye movements

Sacks, Oliver, 242

sadness

associated brain areas, 429, 461, 462, 465

facial expressions, 426, 431, 432, 451

Safire, William, 476, 600

sagittal sections of brain, 41

sagittal sinus, 42

Sahin, Ned, 498

salience, 531–32, 616

saliency map, 318

salivation, 39

Sally-Anne False-Belief Task, 574–75, 582, 583–84, 586

see also false-belief tasks

saltatory conduction, 32

same-different paradigm, 612, 613, 621

Sams, Mikko, 385

San Francisco, views of, 220, 221

Sapolsky, Robert, 446

SAS, see supervisory attentional system

satiation, 178, 179

Savigny, J. B. H., 211

Saxe, Rebecca, 145, 146, 582–84

SC, see superior colliculus

scaffolding to storage movement, 616, 617, 620

Scalia, Antonin, 635–36

schadenfreude, 580

Schaffer collaterals, 416, 417

schema control units, 549–50

schizophrenia, 14, 115, 242, 564–65, 635

Schneider, Gerald, 206–7

Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, 595, 596

Scholte, Steve, 213

Schooler, Jonathan, 629

Schrodinger equation, 625

Schwann cells, 36

Schweimer, Judith, 88

scientific method, 5, 73

scotomas, 206, 611–12

scotopia, see night vision

Scoville, William Beecher, 379, 383, 395

SCR, see skin conductance response

sculpting the response space, 536–37

secondary auditory areas

brain anatomy and, 56, 57, 166

hemispheric asymmetry and, 127

spoken word processing and, 482–83

tonotopic maps and, 98, 169, 170, 172

secondary gustatory cortex, 176, 179

secondary motor cortex, 58, 336, 337, 509

see also premotor cortex; supplementary motor area

secondary olfactory cortex, 165, 166, 173, 174, 175, 176

secondary reinforcers, 522, 532

secondary sensory cortex, 58, 165

secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), 54, 166, 180, 182, 335

secondary visual areas

brain anatomy and, 166

cellular properties across, 189–90

map of, 187, 189

perception and, 198–99

specialized functions of, 190–97

visuospatial selective attention and, 288–89, 291, 292

see also extrastriate visual cortex; visual areas

secondary visual pathway, 56, 610, 611–12

SEF, see supplementary eye fields

segmentation problem in language comprehension, 482

seizures

ECoG and, 103

epilepsy and, 81–82, 83, 98

grand mal, 83, 121

Montreal procedure and, 13

TBI and, 81

topographic organization and, 7

tumors and, 508

Sejnowski, Terry, 357–58

selection of task-relevant information, 535, 538

selective attention

arousal and, 286–87

auditory, 281–82, 285, 286

Broadbent's model of, 283

cerebral cortex and, 608

defined, 274–75

divided attention vs., 303–4, 551

ERP and, 100

parietal lobe and, 228

visual, 224, 274, 280–81, 286, 317–18

see also attention

selective permeability of membranes, 29, 30, 31

selective sweep, 503

self, sense or concept of, 561, 607, 608, 622

self-awareness, 456, 618, 622–23

self-descriptive personality traits, 567–68, 571

self-domestication, 639, 640, 643

self-insight, 571–72, 594–95

self-knowledge, 563–73

consciousness and, 609

mental state predictions, 572–73

self-perception, 563, 570–72, 602

self-referential processing, 553, 561, 563–67, 568–70, 573, 588

self-perception, 563, 570–72, 602

self-reference effect, 563, 566–67, 568

self-referential processing, 553, 561, 563–67, 568–70, 573, 588

self-regulation, 579

Selfridge, Oliver, 484–85, 486

semantic dementia, 412, 414, 477–78

semantic encoding model, 264, 266

semantic memory

brain regions associated with, 410, 413, 414–15

category-specific deficits of, 477–78

episodic memory vs., 390, 394

organization of, 244–45

retrieval of task-relevant information and, 535, 537–38

semantic networks, 476–77, 478, 480

semantic paraphasias, 477, 498

semantic priming, 392, 476

semantic processing, 490–91, 495

semantic relationships between words, 476, 480, 481

semantic unification, 496

sensation, 164, 616

see also sensory systems

sense of self, 561, 607, 608, 622

senses, interaction between, 164

sensitivity to context, 456

sensitization, 393

sensorimotor adaptation, 367–68

sensorimotor learning, 368–70, 393

sensorimotor predictions, 371–73

sensory axons, 40

sensory buffer, 381

sensory cortex

attention and, 275, 313

brain anatomy and, 58

emotional learning and, 446–47

emotional networks and, 429

fear conditioning and, 441

motor cortex and, 346

synaptogenesis and synapse elimination in, 67

sensory deprivation, 214, 215, 216

sensory-guided action, 348

sensory homunculus, 55, 180, 182, 184

sensory inputs, 44, 54, 608

sensory integration, 337

sensory memory, 380, 381, 384–85, 387, 393

sensory nerve pathways, 164, 393

sensory neurons, 40, 42, 45, 96, 332

sensory nuclei, 43, 44

sensory processing, 100

sensory systems, 164–67, 428

see also audition; gustation; olfaction; somatosensation; vision

sensory tuning, 346

sentences, processing structure of, 490

sentience, 609, 618

sentinel hypothesis, 568

serial processing, 77, 347, 386, 498–500

serial reaction time task, 391

serotonin, 33, 34, 438, 526 7-tesla (T) fMRI system, 197

sexual dichromatism, 165

Seyfarth, Robert, 500

Seymour, Ben, 530

Shackleton, Ernest, 569

Shadlen, Michael, 199

shadows test, 238–39

Shallice, Tim, 386, 510, 549

shame, 431–32, 433

Shannon, Claude, 13

shape encoding, 230, 232–33

shape perception, 202–3, 207, 228–30

Shepard, Roger, 623

Shepherd, Gordon, 11

Sherrington, Charles, 10, 12, 20, 328, 337–38

Shiffrin, Richard, 385–86

shifting hypothesis for Parkinson's disease, 360–61

Shmuelof, Lior, 228

short-term forms of memory, 383, 384–89

short-term memory

absence of, 439

amnesia and, 382, 383, 395

definition and overview of, 380, 385–87, 393

frontal cortex and, 408

hippocampus and, 402

human memory structure and, 381

medial temporal lobe and, 399

Shulman, Gordon, 18

shyness, 456

sign language, 501, 502

signal transmission, 26

Silliman lectures on neural organization, 13

silver method for staining neurons, 8–9

Simon, Herbert, 13

simple cells, 192, 289–90

Simpson, Joe, 592–93

simulation theory, 575–76, 591–92

simulations, 111–13

simultanagnosia, 279

simultaneous concept task, 147

Singer, Tania, 577–78, 579–80

Singer-Schachter Theory, 435–36

single-cell recording method

action planning and, 347–48

amygdala and, 440, 442

in animals, 95–98, 104

attention to eye gaze and, 585

combined with other methods, 115

decision making and, 522–23, 524–25, 532

decoding and, 262

empathy and, 578

facial recognition and, 249

in humans, 98, 99

inferior temporal cortex and, 225, 235–36

neural coding of movement and, 342–43

OFC and, 448

tonotopic organization and, 169

visual area MT and, 190

visuospatial selective attention and, 288–89

working memory and, 513, 515

single dissociation, 84, 85, 86, 227, 392

skin conductance response (SCR), 448

Skinner, B. F., 14

skull, 79, 92, 158

skull defects and blood flow in the brain, 15

sleep and memory, 415, 416

sleep-related replay, 416

sleep-wake cycles, 608

S.M. (emotion case study), 425–27, 429, 438, 449, 450–52

SMA, see supplementary motor area

Small, Dana, 179

small-world architecture, 59, 154

smelling and sniffing, 174–75

see also olfaction

Smith, Edward, 389

smooth muscles and autonomic nervous system, 38, 39

smoothing, 112

SNc, see substantia nigra pars compacta

SNi, see substantia nigra

sniffing and smelling, 174–75

see also olfaction

Sobel, Noam, 174–75

sociability, 456

social anxiety disorder, 459

social cognition, 559–602

anatomy of, 561, 562

case studies

E.V.R., 560

M.R., 559

Phineas Gage, 559–60, 561

deficits in, 561–63

self-knowledge (see self-knowledge)

social knowledge (see social knowledge)

theory of mind (see theory of mind)

social cognitive neuroscience, 560–61, 563

social communication and olfaction, 173

social decisions, 521

social group evaluation, 452–54

social interaction tasks, 593–95

social intuition, 456

social knowledge, 592–601, 602

decision making and, 595–96

moral decisions and, 598–99

neuroeconomics, 596–98

neuroethics, 600–601

representations of, 593–95

social layer and behavior, 631

Socrates, 563

sodium ions

in CSF, 42

neuron structure and, 25

neuronal signaling and, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32

salty taste and, 176

sodium-potassium pump, 29, 30

Soloman, Robert, 427

soma, see cell bodies of neurons

somatic marker hypothesis, 448, 465

somatic motor system, 38

somatic pathway, 167

somatosensation

brainstem and, 608

neural pathways of, 179–80, 181

plasticity in cortex, 181–84

processing of, 180, 182

somatosensory cortex

in blind individuals, 214, 215

brain anatomy and, 43

cortical topography and, 55, 56, 182, 191, 336

corticospinal fibers and, 334

emotion and, 429

empathy and, 578, 579

mirroring system in, 578

see also primary somatosensory cortex; secondary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory information, patterned, 141, 152

somatosensory receptors, 179–80, 181, 184

somatostatin, 34

somatotopy and somatopic maps, 56, 180, 181–84, 191, 335, 336, 337

see also topographic organization and mapping

sommeliers, 179

song production in birds, 153

"soul blindness," 237

sound localization, 170, 171, 172, 224

sound wave transduction, 169, 172

sour flavor, 178–79

South (Shackleton), 569

S.P. (emotion case study), 442–43, 452–53

span of immediate (short-term) memory, 386

spatial attention

control of, 312, 539

cuing studies of, 284–85

feature attention compared to, 302–3, 305

feature attention interplay with, 305–8

neglect and, 279–80

object-based attention and, 308–9

reflexive, 295–97

synchrony of neurons and, 310–11

voluntary, 285–95

cortical attention effects, 285–94

ERPs and, 285–88

neuroimaging studies and, 290–93, 294–95

single-cell recording and, 288–89

subcortical attention effects, 293–94

V1 simple cells and, 289–90

visual search and, 299–300

spatial cuing paradigm, 284–85

spatial cuing task, 142–43, 290, 298

spatial information transfer and integration, 142

spatial-learning performance, 90, 418–20

spatial memory, 184, 420

spatial navigational learning, 399–400, 401, 402

spatial orientation, 207

spatial perception, 224, 228, 236

spatial processing, 150, 154

spatial working memory, 389

spatiotemporal receptive-field map, 289, 290

speech apparatus, 169, 170

speech apraxia, 472, 474

speech errors, 497–98

speech movements, 337

speech perception, 208

speech production, 7, 138–39, 472–73, 475, 477, 496–500

speech waveforms, 482

speed tuning, 194

Sperry, Roger, 133, 136

spider monkey somatosensory cortex, 180, 182

spike-triggering zone, 30, 31

spina bifida, 62

spinal accessory nerve, 5

spinal cord

anatomy of, 40, 41

brainstem and, 43, 608

central nervous system structure and, 37–38, 39

conduction of motor and sensory information by, 45, 164

CSF and, 42

development of, 62

diencephalon and, 45–46

motor system structure and control and, 329–32, 333, 334, 337

severing of, 337–38

somatosensory pathway and, 180, 182

spinal cord injuries, 344, 352, 353, 355–56

spinal motor neuron, 26

spinal nerves, 40

spinal neurons, 181

spines, dendritic, 26, 33

spinocerebellum, 332, 334

Spinoza, Baruch, 10–11

spiny lobster, 627–28

SPL, see superior parietal lobule

splenium of corpus callosum, 128, 135, 136

split-brain procedure, see callosotomy

split-brain research and patients

bimanual movement and, 350–51

birth of field of, 123–24

callosotomy and, 133

case studies

J.W., 136, 137, 139–40, 142, 621

P.S., 147, 621

V.P., 138, 621

W.J., 121–23, 135, 139, 150

conscious experience and, 159, 621

hemispheric specialization and, 136–45

attention and perception, 140–45, 160

interpreter and, 146–49

language and speech, 136–39

theory of mind and, 146

visuospatial processing, 139–40

interhemispheric communication and, 135–36, 150

on monkeys, 154

spoken-sentence comprehension, 494

sports rivalries, 580

spotlight of attention, 285, 294, 296, 300, 616

Spurzheim, Johann, 6

SQUIDS, see superconducting quantum interference devices

Squire, Larry, 395, 398–99, 414

standard consolidation theory, 414, 415

stapes, 168, 169

statistical pattern recognition and mind reading, 263–66, 267

stereocilia, 168, 169

Sternberg, Saul, 76–77

Stevens, John Paul, 636

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 274, 301

STG, see superior temporal gyrus

stimulus-driven behavior, 511, 624

stimulus-driven control, 274, 280, 285, 297, 299, 312, 319

stimulus-driven processing of affective sharing, 579

stimulus-response decisions, 521

stimulus-response psychology, 13

STN, see subthalamic nucleus

Stoeckenius, Walther, 71, 72

Stone, Valerie, 593–94

stop-signal task, 545–47

storage of memories

amnesia and, 394, 395, 399

defined, 381, 382

short-term and long-term, 385, 386

structures associated with, 413, 414, 415, 416, 422

visuospatial sketch pad and, 388

Stratton, George, 367–68

stress, 65, 415, 440, 446

stretch reflex, 331, 332, 336, 337, 341

stria terminalis, 5

striate cortex, see primary visual cortex

striatum

brain anatomy and, 47–49

decision making and, 523, 526, 530–32

definition of, 5

dopamine and, 363, 510, 526, 530–32

motor control and, 333, 334

movement initiation and, 356–57, 358, 359

see also dorsal striatum; ventral striatum

string galvanometer, 14–15

stroboscope, 9

strokes

brain damage and, 7, 79, 80, 82

connectivity problems and, 111

cortical plasticity and, 184

global and local processing and, 150, 151

object recognition and, 227

tDCS treatment for, 89

visual perception and, 163, 201, 202–3, 204, 242

strong emergence, 626

Stroop, J. R., 78

Stroop task, 78, 213, 535, 539, 541, 553–55

STS, see superior temporal sulcus

subarachnoid space, 38, 42

subcallosal gyrus, 47

subconscious processing, see unconscious processing

subcortical areas

attention and, 275, 276, 279–80

memory and, 381–82

subcortical attentional control network, 319–22

subcortical information transfer, 141–42, 147

subcortical motor structures, 329–30, 332–34, 368

subcortical multisensory integration, 209–10, 212

subcortical visual pathways, 206–7

subgoals, 532–33, 534–35, 539

subicululm, 411, 412, 417

subjective experience of emotional stimuli, 430, 434, 437

subjective feelings, 561

subjective sensory awareness, 167

subliminal perception, 614–15, 620

subplate, 63, 64

subsequent-memory paradigm, 402–4

substance abuse disorders, 459, 548

substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), 358, 359, 363, 526, 530, 532

substantia nigra (SNi), 47–48, 83, 328, 332, 333–34, 356–57, 391

subthalamic nucleus (STN)

brain anatomy and, 47, 48

motor control and, 333, 334

movement initiation and, 356, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 546–47

subventricular zone, 62, 63, 65, 66

sulci, 38, 49, 50, 51, 57, 93

see also Sylvian (lateral) fissure

superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), 102, 103

superior colliculus (SC)

attention and, 275, 312, 319–20, 322

brain anatomy and, 44, 45, 56

movement initiation and, 356, 357

multisensory integration and, 209–10, 212

visual perception and, 206–7, 224

visual system pathways and, 186, 187

superior frontal gyrus, 49, 579, 580

superior longitudinal fasciculus, 222, 502

superior olivary nucleus, 168

superior olive, 44

superior parietal lobule (SPL), 313, 316

superior surface of brain, 41

superior temporal gyrus (STG)

brain anatomy and, 49

language and, 473, 482–84, 485, 489–90, 493–94, 496, 503

sadness and happiness and, 462

tonotopic maps and, 170

see also Wernicke's area

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

autism and, 586, 587

cortical processing and, 210

face recognition and, 222, 235, 248–50

language and, 471, 478, 482–84, 485, 495

multisensory interaction and, 212

social cognition and, 561, 562

synesthetes and, 213

theory of mind and, 145, 584–86, 587

supertasters, 178, 179

supervisory attentional system (SAS), 549, 550, 552, 555

supplementary eye fields (SEF), 313

supplementary motor area (SMA)

brain anatomy and, 54, 509

connectivity between right and left, 373

empathy and, 580

mind reading and, 268

motor control and, 334, 335, 336, 337, 348–49, 351

motor pathways and, 329

speech production and, 498

suppression of emotion, 457, 459

supramarginal gyrus, 49, 205, 388, 389, 474, 484, 502

supraoptic nucleus, 46

surface structure of message, 497

surgical interventions for brain dysfunction, 85–86

surprise, 426, 431, 432

Sutherland, Stuart, 609

Swaab, Tamara, 494

sweat glands, 38, 39

Swets, John, 14

switching cost, 539

syllabic writing system, 484, 487

Sylvian (lateral) fissure, 49, 50, 51, 125–26, 459, 471, 504

symmetry breaking, 630

sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system, 38, 39, 428, 435

synapse elimination, 67

synapses, 26–27, 30, 32–35, 36

synaptic cleft, 32, 33, 34, 68

synaptic efficiency, 184

synaptic strength and plasticity, 415–17, 418–19, 420, 422, 531

synaptic transmission, 32–35

synaptogenesis, 67

synchrony in cortical neurons, 129, 132, 310–11

syncytium, 9

synesthesia, 164, 211–13

syntactic parsing, 490, 495

syntactic positive shift (SPS), see P600 response

syntactic processing, 491–93, 495, 497

syntactic theories, 14

syntactic unification, 496

syntax, 472, 475, 480

syntax-semantics distinction, 136

syphilitic lesions in brain, 7

 

tachykinins, 33

tactile information transfer, 135, 136

tactile perception, 115, 154, 160, 214

tail flip reflex of crayfish, 35

Talairach, Jean, 112

Talairach coordinate, 112

Tan, see Leborgne (Broca's patient)

Tanner, James, 14

target detection, 319

task-specific constraints on performance, 78

task switching, 49, 538–39, 540

tastants, 176, 179

taste, see gustation

taste buds, 176, 177, 178

taste cells, 176, 177, 179

taste perception, 178–79

taste pores, 176, 177

tasting words, 211–12

TBI, see traumatic brain injury

tear glands, 39

tearing an object, 348

tectum of midbrain, 44

Teglas, Erno, 574–75

tegmentum of midbrain, 44

telencephalon, 47–49

temporal branch of optic nerve, 186

temporal coupling of movement, 351

temporal discounting, 522, 524, 526, 528, 529

temporal gradient, 382, 384, 402, 414

temporal lobe/cortex

brain anatomy and, 49, 50–51, 54, 56, 57

conceptual priming and, 392

consolidation and, 414–15

corpus callosum and, 128, 129

emotion and, 461

facial recognition and, 248–50, 261

language and language network in, 471, 473, 496

mirror neurons in, 364

prefrontal cortex connection to, 510, 516

retrograde amnesia and, 413

selection of task-relevant information and, 538

semantic representation and, 478, 538

social cognition and, 561

storage and, 422

surgical removal of, 379–80

ventral stream and, 222, 223, 224–25, 227, 228, 229

word representations and, 495

see also specific temporal regions

temporal lobectomy, 379–80, 383–84, 394–95

temporal pole/temporopolar cortex, 145, 483, 485, 561

temporally limited amnesia, 382

temporoparietal cortex, 541, 542

temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

attentional control and, 316, 319, 321, 322

attribution of beliefs/mental state, 145–46, 582–84

autism and, 586–87

default network and, 568, 570

social cognition and, 561, 562, 579

Ter-Pogossian, Michel M., 16

testosterone, fetal, 133

TGA, see transient global amnesia

thalamic relays, 45–46, 294, 295, 297, 298, 311

thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), 294–95, 297

thalamocortical connections, 37

thalamus

AEP waves and, 101

anatomical diagram of, 320

attention and, 294–95, 296, 297, 298, 312

brain anatomy and, 43, 44, 45–46, 47, 48

consciousness and, 607, 608

cortex communication with, 50, 53, 54, 56, 294–95

depression and, 464

emotion and, 428, 429, 430, 435

fear and, 441

Huntington's disease and, 358, 359

lateral asymmetry of, 126

motor system structure and control and, 332–33, 334, 357, 361

neglect and, 279

Parkinson's disease and, 358, 359, 362

prefrontal cortex and, 510

sensory nerve pathways and, 164–65, 167

somatosensory pathway and, 181

speech production and, 498

see also anterior thalamic nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus

Thales, 5

Thatcherized image, 256, 257

theory of mind, 145–46, 573–92

autism and, 586–91, 592

consciousness and, 623

defined, 145, 573, 591

developmental milestones, 573–75

emotion and, 461

hemispheric specialization and, 145–46

mechanisms for, 575–80

neural correlates for, 580–86

theory theory, 575, 592

see also mental state attribution

third ventricle, 42, 44, 45, 46

Thompson-Schill, Sharon, 535, 538

Thorndike, Edward, 12

three-body problem, 625, 626

three-dimensional imaging of brain, 15–16, 126

"Three Models for the Description of Language" (Chomsky), 14

three-strikes-laws, 606

threshold for initiating action potential, 31, 32, 131

threshold stimulus value, 165

throat, sensation and motor control of, 43, 45

Thulborn, Kerith, 17

thyroid-stimulating hormone, 46

time, sense of, 396

time-frequency analysis, 102

timing, 49

timing and decision making, see temporal discounting

timing hypothesis, 372–73

tip of the tongue (TOT) state, 470, 497, 498

tissue stains, 8

TMS, see transcranial magnetic stimulation

Tomasello, Michael, 500–1, 585, 623, 639, 640–41

tomographic radiography, 15

Tonegawa, Susumu, 90

Tong, Frank, 540

tongue, 176, 177

tonotopic organization and mapping, 56, 57, 97, 98, 168, 169–70, 172

Tooby, John, 436, 641–42

tool use and handedness, 156

Tootell, Roger, 291

top-down control, 274, 280, 285, 286, 312

topographic organization and mapping, 7, 54–56, 57, 128, 199, 209, 351

see also retinotopic organization and mapping; somatotopy and somatopic maps; tonotopic organization and mapping

TOT, see tip of the tongue (TOT) state

touch, see somatosensation

Touching the Void (Simpson), 592

Tourette's syndrome, 361

Tournoux, Pierre, 112

Tower of Hanoi problem, 613–14

TPJ, see temporoparietal junction

trace conditioning, 393

Tracy, Jessica, 431–32

trajectory planning, 339, 340

transcallosal conduction delays, 131

transcortical connections, 134, 150

transcortical motor aphasia, 474

transcortical sensory aphasia, 474

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 86, 89, 369–70, 371, 642

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 88–89

category-specific systems and, 259–60

combined with other methods, 115

FEF disruption by, 539, 541

FEF stimulation by, 315–16

as method for perturbing function, 86, 88–89, 91

mirror systems and, 364, 366

neural plasticity and, 336

over cerebellum, 371, 372

over prefrontal cortex, 543–45

over V5, 204–6

over visual cortex, 89, 210–11

somatotopic mapping and, 335

spatial attention and, 298

transcription factors, 503

transformations of mental representations, 75, 76

transient global amnesia (TGA), 395–96

transmembrane proteins, 28, 32, 34, 68

transverse section of brain, 41

transverse temporal gyrus, 462

traumatic brain injury (TBI), 81, 82, 111

Treatise on Physiological Optics (Helmholtz), 281

Treisman, Anne, 283, 299, 301, 616

tremors, 333, 336, 362

triceps, 330, 331

trigeminal nerve, 164, 176

Trivers, Robert, 641

TRN, see thalamic reticular nucleus

trolley dilemma, 598–99, 638

trustworthiness, judgment of, 452, 454

Tulving, Endel, 380, 390

tuning curves, 169, 170

tuning properties of voxels, 263–64

Twain, Mark, 481–82

twin studies, 93 2-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (2FDG), radioactively labeled, 17

two-process model for object recognition, 257

Tyler, Lorraine, 478–79

tympanic membrane, 167, 168

typical effect of neurotransmitters, 34

 

Ultimatum economic game, 597–98, 638, 641, 642, 643

ultraviolet light, 165

umami, 176, 177, 178, 179

Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg), 626

unconditioned response (UR), 393, 439, 440, 442, 443, 454

unconditioned stimulus (US), 393, 439–40, 442–43, 446, 454, 527–29

unconscious processing, 609, 610, 612–20

Ungerleider, Leslie, 222, 224

unification and language comprehension, 495–96

unilateral spatial neglect, see neglect

unilateral temporal lobectomy, 380

unmyelinated pain neurons, 179, 180

Unusual Views Object Test, 237–38, 239

UR, see unconditioned response

Urbach-Wiethe disease, 425

US, see unconditioned stimulus

uterine contractility, 46

utilitarian justice, 636–38, 643

utilization behavior, 511

 

vagus nerve, 5, 177

valence, 433–34, 446, 447, 460, 531–32

valid trial, 284

Vallebona, Alessandro, 15

value and decision making, 521–25, 528, 530, 532, 595–96, 598

Van Wagenen, William, 133–34

vascular disorders, 79, 80

vasopressin, 33, 46, 438, 463

vegetative state, 267–68, 608

ventral columns, 40

ventral-dorsal gradient of PFC function, 519, 520

ventral frontal cortex (VFC), 319, 322

ventral frontoparietal attention network, 312, 316, 318–19, 322

ventral horn, 40, 42

ventral nerve root, 40, 330–31, 332

ventral (occipitotemporal) stream, 222–28, 229, 261, 289, 478

ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM), 176, 177, 179

ventral posterior nuclei, 45, 46, 167, 180

ventral posteromedial nucleus, 167

ventral premotor cortex (PMv), 336

ventral striatum

amygdala output to, 437

cognitive control networks and, 550, 551

decision making and, 530, 532

dopamine and, 456, 510, 514, 526

emotional networks and, 429

empathy and, 580, 581

positive emotion and, 456

result evaluation and, 449

ventral surface of body and brain, 41

ventral tegmental area (VTA), 370, 375, 462, 510, 526, 532

ventral temporopolar cortex (VTPC), 411–13

ventricles of brain, 38, 42, 91, 92, 93

ventricular zone, 62, 63–64, 67

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), 54, 518, 561, 562

ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF), 595–96

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

cognitive control and, 509, 511, 524, 526

default network and, 413, 569

posterior medial system and, 413

predictions of mental states and, 572–73

reversal learning and, 595–96

social cognition and, 560, 561, 562, 579, 596

verb generation task, 535, 538, 551, 553, 616, 617

verbal-spatial dichotomy, 155

verbal working memory, 389

Verrey, Louis, 201

vertebrae and vertebral column, 40

vertebral arteries, 61

vervet monkeys, 500

vesicles, 32, 33

vestibular functions, 44, 45, 158, 608

vestibular nerve, 164

vestibular nuclei, 332, 334

vestibularcochlear nerve, 164

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), 332

vestibulocerebellum, 332, 334

VFC, see ventral frontal cortex

Vidman, Peter, 366

view-dependent frame of reference, 231, 232, 236

view-invariant frame of reference, 231, 232, 236

violation of expectation task, 575

violent behavior, 600–601, 635–36

violinists, 183

viral infections, see infectious disorders of the CNS

viral transduction, 72

virtual-lesion approach, 88

visible spectrum, 185–86

vision

for action (see dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream)

anatomical structure for, 164

neural pathways of, 184–87

range differences for, 165

for recognition (see ventral (occipitotemporal) stream)

visual acuity, 167, 196–97

visual agnosia

case studies

C.K., 239–40, 254, 255

D.F., 225–27

G.S., 219–20, 240, 243

H.J.A., 239

J.B.R., 241, 243

J.S., 227

category specificity in, 241–46, 477

for faces (see prosopagnosia)

for objects (see object agnosia)

for reading (see acquired alexia)

subtypes of, 236–41

see also facial recognition; object recognition

visual areas

brain anatomy and, 128, 166

defined, 37

MST, 289, 308

MT

bimanual coordination and, 374

feature-based selective attention and, 305

FEF stimulation and, 316

fMRI and, 108

house-face study and, 308

lesions in, 204, 207

motion perception and, 190, 194–95, 197, 200, 204–6, 263

single neuron response patterns in, 618

speed tuning in, 194

visual illusions and, 199

visuospatial selective attention and, 289

V1 (see primary visual cortex)

V2, 52, 189, 190, 196, 198–99, 201, 447

V3, 198, 199, 201

V4

color perception and, 194, 195, 197, 199–200

feature-based selective attention and, 305

FEF stimulation and, 314–15

flickering stimulus and, 1998

lesions in, 202, 207

multistable perception and, 223

neuronal coherence with attention and, 288–89, 292–93, 294, 310, 311

retinotopic areas and, 196

shape perception and, 202–3

synesthetes and, 213

visuospatial selective attention and, 288–89, 292–93, 294

V5 (see visual areas, MT)

VO (V8), 198

V4 , 199–200

see also secondary visual areas

visual association cortex, 57, 129

visual attention, 224, 274, 280–81, 286, 317–18

visual cortex

blood flow to, 15

columns of, 126

early fMRI of, 18

emotional stimuli and, 446, 447

expansion in humans, 196

feature analysis and, 304–5

FEF stimulation and, 316

lesions in, and blindsight, 610

neuronal coherence with attention in, 310, 311

pioneers in, 191–93

selective attention and, 312

spatial attention and, 294–95, 296, 298, 313, 314

stimulation of, 195, 199–200

synchrony in neurons of, 129, 132

tactile perception and, 115

topographic mapping of (see retinotopic organization and mapping)

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over, 89, 210–11

visual system and, 37

see also primary visual cortex; secondary visual areas

visual deprivation and cortical reorganization, 214, 215

visual discrimination task, 206–7

visual evoked potential, 101

visual fields

in birds, 153

letter priming and, 137

mapping of, 196

neglect and attention testing and, 278–79

restricting stimuli to, 134–35, 141, 142, 150–51

visual pathway and, 186–87

visual illusions, 197–201, 623

visual imagery, 242, 268

visual information transfer, 135, 136, 141–42, 150

visual memory, 242, 277–78, 280

visual pathway, 164, 167, 186–87, 206

visual perception

auditory stimuli and, 211

case studies

M.P., 204, 205

P.T., 163, 203, 204

deficits in, 201–7

disruption of, 79, 89

formation of percepts, 197–200

imagery and, 242

individual differences in, 200–201

multiple pathways for, 222–28

split-brain research and, 139–40, 141, 154, 160

visual processing

amygdala and, 446, 447

brain anatomy and, 56, 57

percept formation, 197–200

selective attention and, 297, 301

spatial attention and, 311

TMS and, 89

visual areas and, 189–90

visual search, 143–44, 297–301, 305–8, 320

visual-spatial attention, see spatial attention

visual stimulation and split-brain research, 134–35

visual system, 37, 96–97, 134, 166–67, 190

visual word form area, 255, 487

visuomotor adaptation, 368–70

visuomotor functions, 44, 45, 56

visuospatial processes, 7, 133, 135, 139–40, 150, 154

visuospatial sketch pad, 387–89

VMF, see ventromedial frontal lobe

VMPFC, see ventromedial prefrontal cortex

vocalizations among non-human primates, 500–2, 631

Vogt, Oskar, 8

Vohs, Kathleen, 628–29

voltage-gated ion channels, 30, 31, 32, 33, 418

voluntary attention, 280, 281–82, 284–85, 285–95, 297, 313

voluntary movement, 331–32, 336, 341

see also movement initiation

VOR, see vestibulo-ocular reflex

voxels, 106, 110, 197, 263–64

V.P. (split-brain case study), 138, 621

VPM, see ventral posterior medial nucleus

VTA, see ventral tegmental area

VTPC, see ventral temporopolar cortex

Vuilleumier, Patrick, 231

Vytal, Katherine, 461

 

Wada, Juhn A., 125

Wada test, 125, 133

Wagner, Anthony, 109

wakefulness, 607, 608

walking, 337–38

Wallis, Jon, 522

Walter K. (blood flow case study), 15

Warrington, Elizabeth, 131, 237–39, 240–41, 386, 477–78

water-maze studies, 399–400, 419, 420, 445

water retention, 46

Watson, Gary, 606

Watson, John B., 12

weak emergence, 626

Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 12

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 139

Weinberger, Daniel, 115, 117

Weiskrantz, Larry, 610

Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, 503

Wernicke, Carl, 7–8, 20, 475, 483

Wernicke's aphasia, 473, 474, 475, 477, 498

Wernicke's area

anatomy of language and, 471

damage to, 473, 483

hemispheric asymmetry and, 126–27, 133

history of cognitive neuroscience and, 7, 8

KE family and, 503

Lichtheim's model and, 474

stimulation mapping and, 488

syntactic processing and, 493

see also superior temporal gyrus

Wessinger, Mark, 610–12

"what pathway" of visual perception, see ventral (occipitotemporal) stream

Wheeler, Elizabeth, 595–96

Wheeler, Mark, 408

"where" pathway of visual perception, see dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream

white matter

brain anatomy and, 43, 44, 49–50

brain graphs and, 111

brain tumors and, 79

cerebral cortex development and, 63, 67

CNS structure and, 39

computed tomography and, 91–92

degenerative and infectious disorders and, 80, 81

DTI and, 93–95

emotional style and, 456

expansion in prefrontal cortex, 509

language and, 473

MRI and, 93, 94

spinal cord anatomy and, 40, 42

TBI and, 81, 82

tracts of, 39–43, 50, 82, 112, 213, 474

see also corpus callosum

Wiesel, Torsten, 191–93, 234

Wilbrecht, Linda, 537

Willis, Thomas, 3–4, 5, 6, 20, 47

Wilson, Matt, 416

wine connoisseurs, 179

wiring laws of large brain, 59, 154

withdrawal and approach, 157, 434

W.J. (prosopagnosia case study), 254

W.J. (split-brain patient), 121–23, 135, 139, 150

Wolf, Al, 16–17

Wolfe, Jeremy, 300, 301

Wolff, Patrick, 617

Wolford, George, 148

Wolman, Baron, 123

Wolpert, Daniel, 328–29

Woodruff, Guy, 573

word association tasks, 386, 613

word comprehension models, 489, 493

word recognition

alexia, 255–56

context and, 489–90, 493

hierarchical model for, 483, 484, 485

object recognition and, 257–58

word superiority effect, 77, 137, 485–86

working memory

amnesia and, 382, 383

cognitive control and, 508, 511, 512–20, 556

definition and overview of, 380, 387–89, 393

displacement of goals in, 552

fluid intelligence and, 514

Goldman-Rakic and, 14, 512

human memory structure and, 381

inhibitory control and, 548

medial temporal lobe and, 399

physiological correlates of, 513–17

prefrontal cortex and, 14, 512–20

selection of task-relevant information and, 535

working memory maintenance hypothesis, 412

W.R. (cognitive control case study), 507–8, 510

Wren, Christopher, 4

Wurtz, Robert H., 294, 320

 

X-rays, 91, 95

 

Yates, Simon, 592–93, 598, 599

 

Zamanillo, Daniel, 419

Zeki, Semir, 190, 194–95

Zhang, Weiwei, 306–8

Zohary, Ehud, 228

Zola, Stuart, 395, 398–99

Zwitserlood, Pienie, 489