Chapter 1

Page 2: 3D4Medical.com; 1.1: Reproduced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford; 1.2: The Print Collector/Alamy; 1.3: Reproduced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford; 1.4: US National Library of Medicine; 1.5: General Research Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations; 1.6: Mary Evans Picture Library; 1.7: Mary Evans Picture Library/Sigmund Freud Copyrights; 1.8a: New York Academy of Medicine; 1.10: akg-images/Interfoto; 1.11: Everett Collection Historical/Alamy; 1.13a: Science Scource; 1.14: EverettCollection Historical/Alamy; p. 11, fig 1a: Science Source; p. 11, fig 1b: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; p. 11, fig 2: Bettmann/ Corbis; 1.15: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine; 1.16a: Betttmann/Corbis; 1.16b: Benjamin Harris/Universityof New Hampshire; 1.17: Hipix/Alamy; 1.18: McGill Reporter; 1.19: Photo by Owen Egan, Courtesy of The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; 1.20: Courtesy of the late George A. Miller; 1.21: Bettmann/Corbis; 1.22: Robert A. Lisak; 1.24: Fulton, J.F. (1928). Observations upon the vascularity of the human occipital lobe during visual activity. Brain, 51(3), 310–320. © Oxford University Press; 1.25: Sokoloff (2000). Seymour S. Kety, M.D. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. © 2000, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 1.26: DIZ Muenchen GmbH, Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy; 1.27: Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine; 1.28: Courtesy UCLA Health Sciences Media Relations; 1.29: AP Photo; 1.30: Seiji Ogawa et al. (1990). Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1, 68–78 ©Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1.31a: Kwonget al. (1992). Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. PNAS. 1992. Courtesy of K.K. Kwong; 1.31b Marcus E. Raichle, Figure 19 in “Chapter 2: A Brief History of Functional Brain Mapping” from Brain Mapping: The Systems, pp. 33-75. Reprinted by permission of Academic Press, a division of Elsevier.

Chapter 2

Page 22: Dr. Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis; 2.1: Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University; 2.2, clockwise from top left: C.J. Guerin, Ph.D. MRC Toxicology Unit/Photo Researchers; Robert S. McNeil/Baylor College of Medicine/ Photo Researchers; Science Source/Getty Images; CNRI/ Getty Images; Deco Images II/Alamy; Rick Stahl/Nikon Small World; 2.4b: Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited; 2.5b: doc-stock/Visuals Unlimited; 2.6: Courtesy Dr. S. Halpain, University of California San Diego; 2.7: CNRI/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 2.20b: Courtesy of Allen Song,Duke University; 2.27b: Courtesy of Allen Song, Duke University; 2.29b: Courtesy of Allen Song, Duke University;2.32c: The Brain: A Neuroscience Primer by Richard F. Thompson. © 1985, 1993, 2000 by Worth Publishers. Used with permission; 2.36b: Wessinger et al. (1997). Tonotopy in human auditory cortex examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 18–25. New York:© Wiley-Liss, Inc.; p. 59, fig 1: Chimpanzee brain provided by Dr. Dean Falk. From Javier De Felipe, The evolution of the brain, the human nature of cortical circuits, and intellectual creativity. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy., 16 May 2011; All other brains from: Yáñez et al. (2005). Double bouquet cell in the human cerebral cortex and a comparison with other mammals. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 486(4): 344–360. ©2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.; 2.39b: Lennart Nilsson/Bonnier Alba AB; 2.24: © Bryan Reading/ HYPERLINK “http://www.cartoonstock.com” www.cartoonstock.com; 2.43: Erikson et al. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, Nature Medicine 4: 1312–1317. © Nature Publishing Group; 2.44: Erikson et al. (1998): Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, Nature Medicine, 4: 1312–1317. © Nature Publishing Group.

Chapter 3

Page 70: Deco/Alamy; 3.6: DeArmond et al. Structure of the Human Brain: A Photographic Atlas 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. ©1976 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Reprinted with permission; 3.7: Woodward, J.S. Histologic Neuropathology: A Color Slide Set. Orange, CA: California Medical Publications, 1973; 3.8: de Leeuw et al. (2005). Progression of cerebral white matter lesions in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 76: 1286–1288.© 2005 BMJ Publishing Group; 3.9a: Woodward, J.S., Histologic Neuropathology: A Color Slide Set. Orange, CA: California Medical Publications, 1973; 3.9b: Holbourn, A.H.S., Mechanics of head injury, The Lancet 2: 177–180, © by The Lancet 1943; 3.10: Chappell et al. (2006). Distribution of microstructural damage in the brains of professional boxers. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 24: 537–542. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.; 3.12 Pessiglione et al., Figure 1 from “Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behavior in humans.” Nature, 442(31), 1042–1045. Copyright © 2006 Nature Publishing Group. Reprinted with permission;3.13a: From chapter “Transcranial magnetic stimulation & the human brain” by Megan Steven & Alvaro Pascual-Leone in “Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice & Policy” edited by Illes, Judith, (2005). By permission of Oxford University Press; 3.15a, b: Rampon et al. (2000). Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice, Nature Neuroscience 3: 238–244. © 2000, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 3.16b: Greenberg, J.O., and Adams, R.D. (Eds),Neuroimaging: A Companion to Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995. Reprinted by permission of McGraw-Hill, Inc; 3.17b: Greenberg, J.O., and Adams, R.D. (Eds.), Neuroimaging: A Companion to Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995. Reprinted by permission of McGraw-Hill, Inc; 3.18a,b: Images courtesy of Dr. Megan S. Steven, Karl Doron, and Adam Riggall. Darmouth Brain Imaging Center at Darmouth College; p. 96, fig 1: Gonzalez et al. (2012). Coding of saliency by ensemble bursting in the amygdala of primates. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(38), 1 © 2012 Gonzalez Andino and Grave de Peralta Menendez. Images courtesy of S. Gonzalez and R. Grave de Peralta of the Electrical Neuroimaging Group; 3.21: Quiroga et al. 2005. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain, Nature 435(23): 1102–1107.© 2005 Nature Publishing Group; 3.22: Ramare/AgeFotostock; 3.26: Addante et al. (2011). Prestimulus theta activity predicts correct source memory retrieval. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 108, 10702–10707. © National Academy of Sciences, USA; 3.27a, c: Roberts et al. (1998).Magnetoencephalography and magnetic source imaging, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology. Wolters Kluwer Health, Jan 1, 1998. © 1998, Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 3.28: Canoltyet al. (2007). Frontiers in Neuroscience 1:1 185–196. Image courtesy of the authors; 3.29a: Courtesy of Marcus Raichle,M.D. School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis; 3.30: Fox et al. (1987). Retinotopic organization of human visual cortex mapped with Position-emission Tomography. The Journal of Neuroscience, 7(3): 918 (1987). Reprinted with permission of The Society for Neuroscience; 3.31: Vitali et al. (2008). Neuroimaging in dementia. Seminars in Neurology, 28(4): 467–483. Images courtesy Gil Rabinovici, UC San Francisco and William Jagust, UC Berkeley; 3.35a, b: Wagner et al. (1998). Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity, Science, 281: 1188–1191. © 1998, AAAS; 3.39a: Deibert et al. (1999).Neural pathways in tactile object recognition, Neurology, 52(9): 1413–1417. © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.–Journals; 3.40b: Frank et al. (2011). Neurogenetics and pharmacology of learning, motivation, and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology (6): 133–152. © 2010, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group.

Chapter 4

Page 120: Roger Harris/Science Photo Library/Getty Images; 4.3: © The Photo Works; 4.5: Arthur Toga and Paul M. Thompson (2003). Mapping Brain Asymmetry, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 37–48. © 2003 Rights managed by Nature Publishing Group. Photo Courtesy Dr. Arthur W. Toga and Dr. Paul M. Thompson, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at UCLA; 4.6: Hutsler (2003). The specialized structure of human language cortex. Brain and Language. August 2003. © Elsevier; 4.8: Sabine Hofer & Jens Frahm. (2006). Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage, 32, 989–994. ©2006 Elsevier;4.10: Courtesy of Pietro Gobbi and Daniele Di Motta,Atlas of Anatomy Central Nervous System, HYPERLINK “http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/Default.htm” http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/Default.htm;4.12: Michael Gazzaniga; 4.14: Michael Gazzaniga; 4.18: Turk et al. (2002). Mike or me? Self-recognition in a split-brain patient. September 2002. Nature Neuroscience, 5 (9): 841–2.© 2002 Nature Publishing Group; 4.21: De Jong et al. (1992). The Neurologic Examination, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA:J.B. Lippincott Company; 4.22: Kingstone et al. (1995). Subcortical transfer of higher order information: More illusory than real? Neuropsychology, 9: 321–328. ©2012 APA, all rights reserved; 4.29: Phelps, E. A., and Gazzaniga, M. S. (1992). Hemispheric differences in mnemonic processing: The effects of left hemisphere interpretation. Neuropsychologia, 30, 293–297.©2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved; 4.30: Gazzaniga, M.S. 2000. Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication. Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain, 123: 1293–1326. © 2000 Oxford University Press; 4.32: Efron, Robertson, & Delis, Figure from “Hemispheric Specialization of Memory for Visual Hierarchical Stimuli,” Neuropsychologia, 24:2. © 1985 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center.

Chapter 5

Page 162: Gabe Palmer/Corbis; 5.2a: Seymour/Photo Researchers; 5.2b: Bjorn Rorslett/Photo Researchers; 5.7a: Roy Lawe/Alamy; 5.7b: Musat/Dreamstime.com;5.7c Judith Collins/Alamy; 5.10: Courtesy of N. Sobel. Sobel et al. (1998). Sniffing and smelling: separate subsystemsin the human olfactory cortex. Nature, 92: 282–286.© 1998, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 5.13b: Small et al. (2001). Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate. Brain, 124; 1720–1733. ©2001 Oxford University Press; 5.17, left: BrazilPhotos.com/Alamy; 5.17b: LWA-Paul Chmielowiec/Corbis; 5.30 Larsson and Heeger, Figure 4a from “Two retinotopic visual areas in human lateral occipital cortex.” The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(51), 13128–13142. © 2006 by the Society for Neuroscience.Reprinted with permission from the Society for Neuroscience;p. 189, fig 1: Zrenner et al., Figure 1, 2 and 3 from “Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1489–1497. Reprinted by permission of the Royal Society;5.31: Yacoub et al. (2008). PNAS, 105(30): 1060–1062.©2008 National Academy of Sciences of the USA; 5.33: Haynes and Rees, Figure 2 from “Predicting the orientation of invisible stimuli from activity in human primary visual cortex.” Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 686-691. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Copyright © 2005, Nature Publishing Group; 5.37: © manu-Fotolia.com; 5.38: Gallant et al. (2000). A human extrastriate area functionally homologous to macaque V4, Neuron, 27: 227–235.© 2000, Elsevier; 5.39: Gallant et al. (2000). A human extrastriate area functionally homologous to macaque V4, Neuron, 27: 227–235. © 2000, Elsevier; 5.40a: Musée d’Orsay, Paris.Photo: Giraudon/Art Resource; 5.40b: © 2008 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; 5.42: Stevens et al., Figures 2, 4 and 3 from “Temporal characteristics of global motion processing revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation.” European Journal of Neuroscience, 30,pp. 2415–2426. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 5.44: Courtesy HYPERLINK “http://www.brainrules. net” www.brainrules.net; 5.46 Driver and Noesselt, Figure 2 from “Multisensory interplay reveals crossmodal influences on ‘sensory-specific’ brain regions, neural responses, and judgments.” Neuron, 57, pp. 11–23. Copyright © 2008 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 5.48: Driver and Noesselt, Figure 5 from “Multisensory interplay reveals cross modal influences on ‘sensory-specific’ brain regions, neural responses, and judgments.” Neuron, 57, pp. 11–23. Copyright © 2008 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 5.49: Esterman (2006). Coming unbound: Disrupting automatic integration of synesthetic color and graphemes by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the right parietal lobe. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18:1570–1576. © Society for Neuroscience; 5.50: Romke Rouw and H. Steven Scholte, Increased structural connectivity in grapheme-color synesthesia. Nature Neuroscience 10 (6), 792–797 . Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, ©2007, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 5.51a: Merabet et al. (2008) Rapid and reversible recruitment of early visual cortex for touch. PLoS ONE 3(8): e3046.

Chapter 6

Page 218: Lonely Planet/Getty Images; 6.1a: Adelrepeng/ Dreamstime.com; 6.1b: Carl & Ann Purcell/Corbis; 6.2a: Courtesy of the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at UCLA and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at MGH, Consortium of the Human Connectome Project HYPERLINK “http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org” www.humanconnectomeproject.org; 6.6: Culham et. al. (2003). Ventral occipital lesions impair object guarantors brain. Brain,126: 243–247, by permission of Oxford University Press;6.7: Shmuelof et al. (2005). Dissociation between Ventral and Dorsal fMRI Activation during Object and Action Recognition, Neuron, 47: 457–470. © 2005 by Elsevier; 6.13b: Kanwisher et al. (1997). A locus in human extrastriate cortex for visual shape analysis, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9: 133–142.© 1997, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6.16: Older Malagasy woman. Photo by Steve Evans; HYPERLINK “http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en” http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en;6.19: Behrmann, M., et al., Figure from “Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20. Copyright © 1994 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission; 6.20: McCarthy, G., and Warrington, E.K. (1986). Visual associative agnosia:A Clinico-anatomical study of a single case, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 49: 1233–1240. © 1986, British Medical Journal Publishing Group; p. 242, fig 1: Sacks, O.W., An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales. New York: Knopf, 1995. Reprinted with permission; p. 247, fig 1a: Mahon et al. (2009). Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience. Neuron, 63(3): 397–405. © 2009 Elsevier; p. 247, fig 1b: van Kooten et al. (2008). Neurons in the fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism. Brain © Oxford University Press; 6.25: Baylis et al. (1985). Selectivity between faces in the responses of a population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey, Brain Research, 91–102. ©1985 Elsevier;6.26: Tsao, et al. (2006). A Cortical Region Consisting Entirely of Face-Selective Cells, Science, 311: 670–674. Reprinted with permission from AAAS; 6.27: McCarthy et al. (1997).Face-specific processing in the human fusiform gyrus, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. p. 605–610. © 1997 Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6.28: Jiang, Yi and He, Sheng (2006). Cortical Responses to Invisible Faces: Dissociating Subsystems for Facial-Information Processing. Current Biology 16: 2023–2029. © 2006 Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 6.29: Reprinted from Cognition, 83:1, Bentin & Carmel, “Domain specificity versus expertise: factors influencing distinct processing of faces”, pp. 1–29, Copyright © 2002, with permission from Elsevier; 6.30a: Afraz et al. (2006). Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization. Nature 442, 692-695. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group; 6.31: Grill-Spector et al., Figure 6 from “The fusiform face area subserves face perception, not generic within-category identification.” Nature Neuroscience, 7, pp. 555–562. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Copyright © 2004, Nature Publishing Group; 6.32: Scala/Art Resource, NY; 6.33: Cohen et al. (2000). The visual word form area Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123(2): 291–307. © 2000 Oxford University Press; 6.35: Thompson (1980). Margaret Thatcher: A new illusion. Perception 9(4): 483–484. © Pion; 6.37: Taylor et al. (2007) Functional MRI Analysis of Body and Body part Representations in the Extrasite and Fusiform Body Areas. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98(3): 1626–1633. © 2007 American Physiological Society; 6.38a: Pitcher et al. (2009) Triple Dissociation of Faces, Bodies, and Objects in Extrastriate Cortex. Current Biology, 19(4): 319–324. © 2009 Elsevier; 6.39: Kanwisher et al. (1997). A locus in human extrastriate cortex for visual shape analysis, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, 133–142. Copyright (c) 1997, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 6.41: Haynes and Rees. (2006) Neuroimaging: Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 523–534 © 2006, Rights managed by Nature Publishing Group; 6.42 and 6.43: Kay et al. (2008).Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452: 352–355. (c) 2008, Nature Publishing Group;6.44: Courtesy Jack Gallant; 6.45:Naselaris et al. (2009). Bayesian Reconstruction of natural Images from Human brain Activity. Neuron 63(6): 902–915 © 2009 Elsevier; 6.46: Owen et al. (2006). Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State, Science, 313: 1402. © 2006 AAAS.

Chapter 7

Page 272: Alan Poulson Photography/Shutterstock;7.2: Courtesy National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland; 7.3: © 2013 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn; 7.4: Corbetta and Shulman, Figure 1 from “Spatial neglect and attention networks.” Annual Review of Neuroscience. 34, pp. 569–99. Reprinted with permission;7.6: Institute of Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK;7.9a: Bettmann/Corbis; 7.12: Ronald C. James; 7.19: McAdams et al. (2005). Attention Modulates the Responses of Simple Cells in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(47): 11023–33. © 2005 by the Society for Neuroscience; reprinted with permission from the Society for Neuroscience; 7.20: Hopfinger et al. (2000). The neural mechanism of top-down attentional control, Nature Neuroscience, 3: 284–291.© 2000, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 7.21 and 7.23: Tootell et al. (1998). The retinotopy of visual spatial attention, Neuron 21: 1409–1422. © 1998, Elsevier; 7.24 and 7.25: Hopf J.M., Luck, S.J., Boelmans, K., Schoenfeld, M.A., Boehler, C.N., Rieger, J., & Heinz, H. J. (2006). The neural site of attention matches the spatial scale of perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 3532–3540. © Society for Neuroscience, reprinted with permission from the Society for Neuroscience; 7.27: O’Connor et al. (2002). Attention modulates responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature Neuroscience (11): 1203–9. © 2002, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 7.28: McAlonan, K., Cavanaugh, J., & Wurtz, R.H., Adapted from figure 1b,c of “Guarding the gateway to cortex with attention in visual thalamus.” Nature, 456, 391–394. © 2008 Nature Publishing Group. Reprinted with permission; 7.31: Luck, S.J., Fan, S. & Hillyard, S. A., Adapted from Figure 1 “Attention-related modulation of sensory-evoked brain activity in a visual search task.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5,pp. 188–195. Reprinted by permission of MIT Press Journals; 7.32: iStockphoto; 7.33: Liu, et al., Figures from “Comparing the time course and efficacy of spatial and feature-based attention”, Vision Research, 47:1. Copyright © 2007 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 7.34: Hillard, S. & Munte,T. F., Adapted from figures 3 and 5 of “Selective attention to color and location: An analysis with event-related brain potentials.” Perception & Psychophysics, Vol. 36, No. 2, 185-198. Reprinted by permission of Springer Science + Business Media; 7.36: M. Schoenfeld, JM Hopf, A. Martinez, H. Mai, C. Sattler,A. Gasde, HJ Heinze, S. Hillyard et al. (2007). Spatio-temporal Analysis of Feature-Based Attention,” Cerebral Cortex,17:10. Copyright 2007 by Oxford University Press- Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press– Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 7.37: Hopf et al. (2004). Attention to features precedes attention to locations in visual search; evidence from electro-magnetic brain responses in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(8): 1822–32. © Society for Neuroscience; 7.38: Zhang et al. (2008). Feature-based attention modulates feed forward visual processing. Nature Neuroscience, 12: 24–25. © 2009, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing; 7.39: Mueller & Kleinschmidt, Figures from “Dynamic Interaction of Object and Space-Based Attention in Retinotopic Visual Areas”, Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 23, No. 30, pp. 9812-6. Copyright 2003 by the Society for Neuroscience. Reprinted with permission from the Society for Neuroscience; 7.43: Hopfinger et al. (2000) The neural mechanism of top-down attentional control, Nature Neuroscience3: 284–291. © 2000, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 7.44: Armstrong, K. M., Schafer, R.J., Chang, M. H. & Moore, T., Figure 7.3 from “Attention and action in the frontal eye field.” In R. Mangun (Ed.), The Neuroscience of Attention (pp. 151–166). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Reprinted with permission; 7.45: Morishima et al. (2009). Task-specific signal transmission from prefrontal cortex in visual selective attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12: 85–91. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, © 2009, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing; 7.48: Bisley JW, Goldberg ME, Figures from “Neural Correlates of Attention and Distractibility in the Lateral Intraparietal Area”, Journal of Neurophysiology, 95:3. Copyright © 1996 by American Physiological Society. Reproduced with permission of American Physiological Society in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center.

Chapter 8

Page 326: Ronald Martinez/Getty Images; 8.1a: From Lewis P. Rowland (Ed.), Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989, p. 661. Copyright © 1989 by Lea & Febiger; 8.1b: Photo by Russ Lee; 8.15: Churchland, M.M., Cunningham, J. P., Kaufman, M.T. Ryu, S.I. & Shenoy, K.V., Figure 2 from “Cortical preparatory activity: representation of movement or first cog in a dynamical machine?” Neuron, 68, pp. 387–400. Copyright © 2010 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.16: Cisek, P. & Kalasca, J. F., Figure 1 from Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33,pp. 269–298. Reprinted with permission; 8.17: Cisek, P. & Kalasca, J. F., Figure 2 from Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, pp. 269–298. Reprinted with permission; 8.18: Hamilton et al. (2007). Action outcomes are represented in human inferior frontoparietal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1160–1168.© 2008 Oxford University Press; 8.19: Hamilton & Grafton, Figure 2 from “Action outcomes are represented in human inferior frontoparietal cortex.” Cerebral Cortex, 18,pp. 1160–1168. Copyright © 2007 by Oxford University Press–Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press–Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.21: Ganguly, K. & Carmena, J. M., (2009) Figure 2 from “Emergence of a Stable Cortical Map for Neuroprosthetic Control.” PLoS Biology 7(7): e1000153. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000153; 8.22a-d: Hochberg et al. (2006). Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature, 13(442): 164–171. © 2006, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 8.26: Color plates 2 and 4 from Greenberg, J.O. and Adams, R.D. (Eds.), Neuroimaging: A Companion to Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995. Reprinted by permission of McGraw-Hill, Inc; 8.29: Calvo-Merino et al. (2005), Action Observation and Acquired Motor Skills: an fMRI Study with Expert Dancers. Cerebral Cortex, 15:1243–1249. Copyright Elsevier 2005; 8.30: Aglioti et al. (2008). Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players. Nature Neuroscience 11: 1109–1116. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, © 2008, Rights Manged by Nature Publishing Group; 8.31: Courtesy of authors; 8.32: Martin et al. (1996), Figure 1 from “Throwing while looking through prisms.Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation.” Brain, 119, 1183–1198. Copyright © 1996 by Oxford University Press– Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press–Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.33: Martin et al. (1996), Figure 2 from “Throwing while looking through prisms. I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation.” Brain, 119, 1183–1198. Copyright © 1996 by Oxford University Press–Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press–Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.34: Galea, J. M., Vazquez, A.,Pasricha, N., Dexivry J. J. O. & Celnik, P. (2010), Figure 5from “Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: The motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns. Cerebral Cortex, December 10, online. Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press–Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press–Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.35: Hosp et al. (2011). Dopaminergic projections from midbrain to primary motor cortex mediate motor skill learning. Journal of Neuroscience. 31: 2481–2487. © Society for Neuroscience; 8.36: Galea,M., Vazquez, A., Pasricha, N., Dexivry J. J. O. & Celnik, P. (2010), Figure 5 from “Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: The motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns. Cerebral Cortex, December 10, online. Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press–Journals. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press– Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 8.38, top left: Bigmax/Dreamstime.com; 8.38, top right: Nalukai/Dreamstime.com; 8.38, bottom left: Radub85/ Dreamstime.com; 8.38, bottom right: iStockphoto;8.39: Johansen-Berg, H., Della-Maggiore, V., Behrens, T. E., Smith, S. M. & Paus, T., (2007), “Integrity of white matter in the corpus callosum correlates with bimanual co-ordination skills.” Neuroimage, 36 (Suppl. 2), T16–T21. Copyright © 2007 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center.

Chapter 9

Page 378: Blend Images/Alamy; 9.1: Chowdhury et al. (2010). Microneurosurgical management of temporal lobe epilepsy byamygdalohippocampectomy. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery, 5(2): 10–18. Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd; 9.6: Markowitsch et al. (1999). Short-term memory deficit after focal parietal damage, Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 21: 784–797. © 1999 Routledge; 9.9: Jonides et al. (1998). Inhibition in verbal working memory revealed by brain activation. PNAS, 95(14). © 1998, The National Academy of Science; 9.10: Drawing © Ruth Tulving, Courtesy the artist; 9.14: Corkin et al. (1997). H.M.’s medial temporal lobe lesion: Findings from magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience 17: 3964–3979, © 1997 Society of Neuroscience; 9.16: Courtesy of Professor David Amaral; 9.24: Ranganath, et al., Figure from “Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes,” Neuropsychologia, 42:1. Copyright © 2003 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 9.25: Ranganath et. al. (2004). Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes Neuropsychologia, 42: 2–13 © 2004, Elsevier 2004; 9.26: Eldridge et al. (2000). Remembering episode: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval. Nature Neuroscience, 3 (11):1149–52 © 2000, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 9.27: Ranganath et. al. (2004). Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes Neuropsychologia, 42, 2–13 © 2004, Elsevier; 9.28: Eichenbaum et al. (2007). The Medial Temporal Lobe and Recognition Memory, CoAnnual Review of Neuroscience, 30 © 2007 by Annual Reviews; 9.29: Hannula et al. (2010). Worth a glance: using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 4: 1–16. © 2010 Hannula, Althoff, Warren, Riggs, Cohen and Ryan; p. 409,fig 1: McClelland, J.L., Connectionist Models of Memory. In Tulving, E. and Craik, F.I.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory, pp. 583–596. Oxford University Press: New York, 2000; 9.30: Wheeler et al. (2000). Memory’s echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(20): 11125–11129;9.31: Courtesy of Roberto Cabeza; 9.32: Buckner et al. (1999). Frontal cortex contributes to human memory formation.Nature Neuroscience. April 311–314. © 1999, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 9.35: Ranganath, C. & Richey,M. (2012), Figure 2 from “Two cortical systems for memory guided behaviour.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 713–726. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Copyright © 2012, Nature Publishing Group.

Chapter 10

Page 424: Tim Shaffer/Reuters/Landov; 10.1 and 10.2: Adolphs et. al. (1995) Fear and the Human Amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15(9): 5878–5891. © Society for Neuroscience; 10.4: © Paul Ekman; 10.6: Reproduced with permission© 2004, Bob Willingham. Tracy JL and Matsumoto D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. PNAS 105:11655–11660; 10.11: Anderson et al. (2001) Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events.Nature. May 17; 41:305–309; © 2001, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 10.13a: Phelps et al. (2001). Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nature Neuroscience. 4: 37–41. © 2001 Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 10.15: R.J.R. Blair et. al. Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger, Brain. 1999, 122, 883–893, by permission of Oxford University Press; 10.16: Adolphs et al. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature. 433:68–72;© 2005, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 10.17: Whalen, et. al. (2004). Human Amygdala Responsivity to Masked Fearful Eye Whites. Science 306:, 2061. © AAAS; 10.18: Cunningham et al. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of Black and White Faces. Psychological Science, 15: 806–813. © 2004, Association for Psychological Science; 10.19: Said et al. (2010). The amygdala and FFA track both social and non-social face dimensions. Neuropsychologia, 48: 3596-3605 © 2010 Elsevier; 10.20: Ochsner, K., Silvers, J., & Buhle, J. T. (2012). Figure 2a from “Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251, E1–E24, March. Reprinted with permission of The New York Academy of Sciences;10.21: Gross, J., Figure 1 from “Antecedent and response focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237. Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association; 10.22: Ochsner et al. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neurolmage, 23, 483–499 © 2004 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved; 10.24: Habel et al. May 2005. Same or different? Neural correlates of happy and sad mood in healthy males. NeuroImage, 26(1): 206–214. © 2005 Elsevier; 10.25 and 10.26: Ortigue et al. (2010a). Neuroimaging of Love: fMRI Meta-analysis Evidence toward New Perspectives in Sexual Medicine. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(11): 3541–3552. © 2010 International Society for Sexual Medicine; 10.28: Lindquist et al. (2012). The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 35: 121–143. © Cambridge University Press 2012.

Chapter 11

Page 468: Colin Hawkins/cultura/Corbis; 11.1a: Courtesy Musée Depuytren, Paris; 11.6: Kirsten I. Taylor , Barry J. Devereux & Lorraine K. Tyler (2011), Figure 1 from “Conceptual structure: Towards an integrated neurocognitive account.” Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(9), 1368-1401. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Group; 11.7: Taylor, K. I., Moss,H. E. & Tyler, L .K. (2007). Figure from “The Conceptual Structure Account: A cognitive model of semantic memory and its neural instantiation.” J. Hart & M. Kraut (eds.), The Neural Basis of Semantic Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–301. Reprinted with permission; 11.14: McClelland, James L., David E. Rumelhart, and PDP Research Group., Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 2: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Psychological and Biological Models,figure: “Fragment of a Connectionist Network for Letter Recognition”, © 1986 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, by permission of The MIT Press; 11.16: Puce et al. (1996). Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letter strings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience 16 (1996) © 2013 by the Society for Neuroscience; 11.18: Munte, Heinze and Mangun, Figure from “Dissociation of Brain Activity Related to Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Language”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5:3, Summer 1993. Reprinted by permission of MIT Press Journals; 11.20: Courtesy of Nina Dronkers; 11.22: Robert C. Ber-wick, Angela D. Friederici, Noam Chomsky, Johan J. Bolhuis, Figure 2 from “Evolution, brain, and the nature of language,” Trends in Cognitive Science, 16(5), 262–268. Copyright © 2012 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; Sahin, N.T., Pinker, S., Cash, S.S., Schomer, D., & Halgren, E. (2009). Figure 4a from “Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s Area.” Science, 326, 445-449. Reprinted by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; 11.25: Sahin, N.T., Pinker, S., Cash, S.S., Schomer, D., & Halgren, E. (2009). Figures 2a, 2b, 2c, and 4c from “Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s Area.” Science, 326, 445–449. Reprinted by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Chapter 12

Page 506: Randy Faris/Corbis; p. 514, fig 1: Burgess, G. C., Gray, J. R., Conway, A. R. A., & Braver, T. S. (2011). Figure 2 from “Neural mechanisms of interference control underlie the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory span.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 674–692. Copyright © 2011 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission; 12.6: Druzgal et al. (2003). Dissecting Contributions of Prefrontal Cortex and Fusiform Face, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(6) © 2003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology–Journals. Reproduced with permission of MIT Press–Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 12.7: Katsuyuki Sakai and Richard E. Passingham, Figures from “Prefrontal Interactions Reflect Future Task Operations,” Nature Neuroscience, 6:1, January 2003. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Copyright © 2003, Nature Publishing Group; 12.9: Koechlin et al. (2003). The Architecture of Cognitive Control in the Human Prefrontal Cortex, Science, 302(5648): 1181–1185. © 2003 AAAS; 12.11: Kennerley et al. (2009).Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(6): 1162–1178. ©2009, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 12.12: Hare et al. (2009). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science, 324, 646–648. ©2009, AAAS; 12.15: Schultz, W. (1998),Figure 2 from “Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons.” Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. Copyright © 1993 by American Physiological Society. Reproduced with permission of American Physiological Society in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center; 12.16a: Fiorillo,C. D., Tobler, P. N. , & Schultz, W. (2003). Figure 2a from “Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons.” Science, 299, 1898–1902. Reprinted by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; 12.16b: Kobayashi, S. & Schultz, W. (2008). Figure 4 from “Influence of reward delays on responses of dopamine neurons.” The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(31), 7837–7846. Copyright © 2008 by the Society for Neuroscience. Reprinted with permission from the Society for Neuroscience; 12.17: Seymour et al. (2007). Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum. Journal of Neuroscience 27(18): 4826–4831. © Society for Neuroscience; 12.21: Badre, D. & D’Esposito, M. (2007). Figure 4 from “Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(12), 2082–2099. © 2007 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Reprinted by permission of MIT Press Journals; 12.23b: Thompson-Schill et al. (1997). Role of left interior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 94: 14792–14797; p. 540, fig 1a: Burgess et al. (2011). Neural mechanisms of interference control underlie the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 140(4), 674–692; p. 540, fig1b, c: Dux, P.E., Tombu, M.N., Harrison, S., Rogers, B.P., Tong, F., & Marois, R. (2009). Figures 3 and 5b from “Training improves multitasking performance by increasing the speed of information processing in human prefrontal cortex.” Neuron, 63, 127–138. Copyright © 2009 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. 12.27a: Gazzaley et al. (2005). Top-down Enhancement and Suppression Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. © 2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;12.28: Zanto, T. P., Rubens, M. T., Thangavel, A., & Gazzaley,A. (2011). Figure 3a and 4 a and b from “Causal role of the prefrontal cortex in goal-based modulation of visual processing and working.” Nature Neuroscience, 14(5) 656–663. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Copyright © 2011, Nature Publishing Group; 12.30: Frank, M. J., Samanta, J., Moustafa, A. A., & Sherman, S. J. (2007). Figure 1a and 2a from “Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism.” Science, 318, 1309–1312. Reprinted by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Chapter 13

Page 558: David J. Green/Alamy; 13.1: Damasio et. al. (1994). The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264 (5162): 1102–1105. © 1994, AAAS; p. 564, fig 1: Cohen et al. (1988). From syndrome to illness: Delineating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia with PET. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 14(2): 169–176. © 1988, Oxford University Press; p. 565, fig 2: Bettmann/Corbis;13.3: Kelley et al. (2002). Finding the self? An eventrelated fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 14, 785–794. © 2002, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 13.5: Debra A. Gusnard,and Marcus E. Raichle (2001). Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10): 685–694. © 2001 Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 13.7: Jennifer S. Beer, Oliver P. John, Donatella Scabini, and Robert T. Knight, Figure 5 from “Orbitofrontal Cortex and Social Behavior: Integrating Self-monitoring and Emotion-Cognition Interactions,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18:6 (June, 2006), pp. 871–879.© 2006 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Reprinted by permission of MIT Press Journals; 13.10: Phillips et al. (1997). A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature. October 2; 389:495–498. ©1997, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing Group; 13.13: Cikara, M., Botvinick, M.M., & Fiske, S.T. (2011). Figure 2 from “Us Versus Them: Social Identity Shapes Neural Responses to Intergroup Competition and Harm.” Psychological Science, 22 (3), 306–313. Copyright © 2011 by Association for Psychological Science. Reprinted with permission; 13.15: Cikara, M., Botvinick, M.M., & Fiske, S.T. (2011). Figure 4 from “Us Versus Them: Social Identity Shapes Neural Responses to Intergroup Competition and Harm.” Psychological Science, 22 (3), 306–313. Copyright © 2011 by Association for Psychological Science. Reprinted with permission: 13.16b: Mitchell et al. (2004). Encoding-Specific Effects of Social Cognition on the Neural Correlates of Subsequent Memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(21): 4912–4917. ©2004, Society for Neuroscience; 13.18c: Saxe et al. (2006). It’s the Thought That Counts: Specific Brain Regions for One Component of Theory of Mind, Psychological Science 17(8): 692–699. © 2006, APS; 13.19:Pelphrey et al. (2006). Brain Mechanisms for interpreting the actions of others from Biological-Motion Cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 15(3): 136–140. © 2006,APS; 13.20: Kylliainen et al. (2012). Affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health; 13.21: Klin et al. (2002). Visual Fixation Patterns During Viewing of Naturalistic Social Situations as Predictors of Social Competence in Individuals with Autism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 59: 809–816. © 2002 American Medical Association; 13.22:Cattaneo, et al., Figure 1 from “Impairment of actions chains in autism and its possible role in intention understanding.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA., 104, 17825– 17830. Reprinted with permission; 13.26a: Jennifer S. Beer (2007). The default self: feeling good or being right? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11(5): 187–189. © 2007, Elsevier 2007; 13.26b: Beer et al. (2003) The Regulatory Function of Self- Conscious Emotion: Insights From Patients With Orbitofrontal Damage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4) 594–604. © 2003 by the APA; 13.26 and 13.27: Grossman et al. (2010). The role of ventral medial prefrontal cortex in social decisions: Converging evidence from fMRI and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3505–3512. © 2010, Elsevier.

Chapter 14

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