Index

Notes: Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic t, f, and b following the page number vs. indicates a comparison or differential diagnosis

abstraction

frontal executive functions, 131t, 132

acalculia, 85

ACE-III see Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-III)

acetylcholine, attention, 4

achromatopsia, 100

activities of daily living (ADL), 114–15

AD see Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

ADAS (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale), 162

ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale), 153

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-III), 153, 163–87, 164–80f

Alzheimer’s disease vs. frontotemporal dementia, 163, 181–2

anterograde verbal memory, 127

applications, 159f, 163

calculation, 185

cognitive function bedside testing, 121, 123

complex visuoperceptual abilities, 187, 187t

dementia, likelihood ratios, 182t

extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145, 146f, 147f

frontal executive function, 183–4

language, 184–5

neglect phenomena, 186, 186f

normative data, 180–2, 181t

praxis, 185–6

remote memory, 182–3

repetition, 138–9

single-word comprehension, 137–8

verbal fluency tests, 131

ADL (activities of daily living), 114–15

agitation, patient interview, 113

agnosias

classical (modality-specific) associative, 96

cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 149–50

cross-modal associative, 97

finger agnosia, 85

landmark agnosia, 102t

object agnosia, 187

patient interview, 111

visual see visual agnosia

visual object see visual object agnosia

agrammatism, Broca’s aphasia, 74

akinesia, limb akinesia, 89

alcohol intake, history taking, 117

alertness

cognitive function bedside testing, 123

delirium vs. dementia, 60t

alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 78–80, 79t, 80f

Alternating Hand Movements Test, response inhibition/set shifting, 134

Alternating Sequences Test, response inhibition/set shifting, 133, 133f

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 41–6

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 159f, 163

amnesiac syndrome, 17

anomic aphasia, 77

aphasia, 65

atypical type, 45–6

cortical dementia, 39–40

early-onset see early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

episodic memory, 12

frontotemporal dementia vs., 163

genetics, 41

historical aspects, 41

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f

mild cognitive impairment (stage 1), 43–4, 44b

mild-to-moderate dementia (stage 2), 44–5

Mini-Mental State Examination, 156

moderate, case study, 193–4, 194t

neuroimaging, 46

neuropathology, 41, 42f

retrograde memory, 128–9

semantic memory loss, 8

visual variant (posterior cortical atrophy), case study, 212–14, 213t

Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS), 162

Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), 153

American National Reading Test (ANART), 239

AMI (Autobiographical Memory Interview) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 221–2

amnesia

anterograde see anterograde amnesia

diencephalic see diencephalic amnesia

hippocampal amnesia, 16–17

retrograde amnesia, 15

transient amnesia, 12–15

transient epileptic amnesia, 218–20, 219t

transient global amnesia, 13–15

amnesic syndrome, 7, 14t, 15–17

characteristics, 15

cognitive neuropsychology, 16–17

amnestic stroke, bilateral thalamic infarction, 216–18, 217t

amygdala, episodic memory, 11f

amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, Alzheimer’s disease, 41

anarithmetria, 85

ANART (American National Reading Test), 239

angular gyrus

aphasia, 67f

writing ability, 67

anomic aphasia, 77–8

classification, 72t

anosodiaphoria, 89

anosognosia, 89

anterior right temporal lobe atrophy, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99–100

anterograde amnesia

Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43

amnesic syndrome, 15

episodic amnesia, 18–19

anterograde episodic memory, 108

anterograde non-verbal memory, 126t, 127–8

anterograde spatial recognition, 102t

anterograde verbal memory testing, 126–7, 126t

aphasia, 64–78, 65

anatomy, 66–7

anomic see anomic aphasia

articulation disorders, 65

causes, 64, 65

cognitive function bedside testing, 123–4

conduction see conduction aphasia

cortical dementia, 39

crossed, 66

dysarthria, 64

formal tests, 78

global aphasia, 72t

imaging, 66

mutism, 64

optic aphasia, 97

primary progressive see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

progressive non-fluent aphasia see progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA)

syndrome classification, 71–3, 72t

Wernicke’s aphasia see Wernicke’s aphasia

see also language; neurolinguistics

Aphasia Quotient, Western Aphasia Battery, 259

apperceptive visual agnosia, 95–6, 96t, 150

appetite, patient interview, 112

APP (amyloid precursor protein) gene, 41

apraxias, 85–7, 86t

ideational (conceptual) apraxia, 86t, 87

ideomotor apraxia, 86, 86t

limb kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t

orobuccal (oral) apraxia, 86t, 87

ARAS see ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

arcuate fasciculus

aphasia, 66, 67f

conduction aphasia, 75

arithmetic see calculation

arousal, 2–6

arousal/vigilance disorders, 88t

articulation

disorders, 65

spontaneous speech, 135

see also speech production

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

attention, 3, 4–5, 5f

delirium pathology, 35

associative agnosia

classical (modality-specific), 96

cross-modal, 97

visual agnosia, 96t, 150

astereognosis, physical examination, 119

ataxia, optic ataxia, 101

attention, 2–6, 2t

anatomy, 3–6

ascending reticular activating system, 3, 4–5, 5f

cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing

delirium, 31–2

delirium vs. dementia, 60t

divided see divided attention

domain-specific, 3

neglect phenomena model, 91, 92f

patient interview, 107

selective see selective attention

sustained, 2

attentional matrix, 3–4, 4f

attention, tests of, 6

auditory elevator with reversal, Test of Everyday Attention, 250

auditory neglect, 145

Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 221–2

awareness, delirium vs. dementia, 60t

 

BADS see Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Pearson Assessment)

balance, 120

Balint’s syndrome, 88t, 101

basal forebrain, attention, 4

basal forebrain nuclei, episodic memory, 10

basal ganglia disorders

frontal lobe function disorders vs., 28

limb kinetic apraxia, 86

neglect phenomena, 91

BDAE (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination), 78

behaviour, 23–9

orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6

semantic dementia, 52

Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Pearson Assessment), 222–3

Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) (Pearson Assessment), 223–4

behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 196–8, 198t

bilateral inferior occipital lesions, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99

bilateral thalamic infarction, amnestic stroke, 216–18, 217t

BIT (Behavioural Inattention Test) (Pearson Assessment), 223–4

block design, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

BNT see Boston Naming Test (BNT) bodily neglect, 110–11

body image, delirium, 33

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE), 78

Boston Naming Test (BNT), 78, 224

semantic memory, 21

Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, 237, 237f

Broca’s aphasia, 66, 67f, 73–4

anterior type, naming, 136–7

classification, 72t

Broca’s area, 27, 27f

buccofacial praxis, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185–6

bulbar palsy, 65

 

C9orf72 gene, 47

calculation, 135, 141–2

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185

arithmetic operations, 142

impairment syndromes, 85

number reading and writing, 141

patient interview, 109

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT & CVLT-1) (Pearson Assessment), 224–5

Cambridge Cognitive Examination–Revised (CAMCOG-R), 153, 159, 159–60t, 161

applications, 161

Information–Memory–Concentration Test in, 161

Mini-Mental State Examination, 161

Cambridge Examination for mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX), 161

Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (Cambridge Cognition), 225–9

Cambridge Semantic Memory Test Battery, 229, 230f, 231

semantic memory, 22, 129b

visual object agnosia, 98

CAMDEX (Cambridge Examination for mental Disorders of the Elderly), 161

Camel and Cactus test, 22, 129b

CANTAB see Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (Cambridge Cognition)

Capgras delusion, 113

case studies, 189–220

category fluency

semantic dementia, 52

semantic memory, 129

category-specific anomic aphasia, 77–8

CBD see corticobasal degeneration (CBD)

central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83, 83t

central linguistic dyslexias, 79t, 80–2

deep dyslexia, 79t, 81–2

phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82

surface dyslexia, 79t, 81

cerebral cortex, attention, 4

Charles Bonnet syndrome, 114

cholinergic pathways, attention, 4–5

cingulate cortex, neglect phenomena, 90

cingulate gyrus, neglect phenomena, 91

circuit of Papez, episodic memory, 11

clouding of consciousness, delirium, 35

cognitive estimates, frontal executive function testing, 132

Cognitive Estimates Test, 231, 232–3b

cognitive function bedside testing, 121–51

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 121

attention/concentration, 124–5

dominant (left) hemisphere function see left (dominant) hemisphere

episodic memory see episodic memory

frontal executive functions see frontal executive functions

general observations, 121–2

orientation and attention see orientation and attention

right hemisphere functions see right hemisphere

semantic memory, 129–30, 129b

cognitive functions

distributed see distributed cognitive functions

frontal lobes, 23–4

higher-order, 23–9

localized see localized cognitive functions

colour agnosia, 100

colour anomia, 100

colour perception disorders, 88t

colour processing tests, 100

complex visuoperceptual abilities

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 187, 187t

cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 149–50

complex visuospatial abilities, 94

defects, 88t

comprehension

aphasia classification, 73

language, 137–8

patient interview, 108

semantic dementia, 51–2

computed tomography (CT)

Alzheimer’s disease, 46

dementia, 60, 62

frontotemporal dementia, 49

semantic dementia, 52

conceptual (ideational) apraxia, 86t, 87

conduction aphasia, 75–6

classification, 72t

confabulation, 18

confrontation naming, semantic memory, 129–30

consciousness, clouding of in delirium, 35

consolidation, 17

constructional ability testing, 144, 148, 148f, 149f

constructional disorders, 88t, 93

patient interview, 110

tests of, 93–4

corpus callosum, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79

cortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40t

corticobasal degeneration (CBD)

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163

case study, 206–8, 208t

frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f

cranial nerve signs, physical examination, 117–18

crossed aphasia, 66

cross-modal associative agnosia, 97

CT see computed tomography (CT)

cube analysis, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255

CVLT (California Verbal Learning Test) (Pearson Assessment), 224–5

 

declarative (explicit) memory, 6, 7t, 8f

see also episodic memory; semantic memory

deep dysgraphia, 83t, 84

deep dyslexia, 79t, 81–2

degenerative disorders, frontal lobe, 28

delirium, 31–6

attention, 31–2

causes, 36b

clouding of consciousness, 35

delusions, 33

dementia vs., 60–1t

emotion, 34–5

epidemiology, 35

hyperalert delirium, 34

hypoalert delirium, 35

memory, 31–2

Mini-Mental State Examination, 155

mood, 34–5

pathology, 35

perception disorders, 33–4

psychomotor behaviour, 34–5

sleep–wake cycle, 34

thinking, 33

Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) (Pearson Assessment), 233

delusions

delirium, 33

patient interview, 113–14

Damasio, Antonio, 26

dementia, 36–61

Alzheimer type, of the, 43

aphasia, 65

causes of, 38–9b

cortical, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40t

cortical vs. subcortical, 37, 39–41

delirium vs., 60–1t

imaging, 58, 59b, 60

Mini-Mental State Examination, 155

rapidly progressive dementia, 58, 59t

semantic see semantic dementia

subcortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40, 40t

young-onset see young-onset dementia

Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), 153

dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 56–7

case study, 210–12, 211t

cortical and subcortical features, 41

demography, 154

depressive pseudodementia, 58

case study, 195–6, 196t

DRS (Dementia Rating Scale), 153

diagonal band of Broca, 10

diencephalic amnesia

amnesiac syndrome, 16

retrograde memory, 128–9

diencephalon, episodic memory, 10

Digit Span test, 233–5, 234b

cognitive function bedside testing, 124–5, 125b

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

Wechsler Memory Scale, 258

disorientation, egocentric, 102t

distributed cognitive functions, 1–29, 2t

arousal see arousal

attention see attention

localized cognitive functions vs., 1

divided attention, 2

D-KEFS (Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System) (Pearson Assessment), 233

DLB see dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

dominant hemisphere see left (dominant) hemisphere

Doors and People Test (Pearson Assessment), 19, 235

anterograde verbal memory, 127

dopaminergic projections, attention, 4

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 27

dot counting, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 254–5

dressing apraxia, 88t, 93

cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 147

patient interview, 110

DRS (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale), 153, 157–8

dual-route model, reading and writing, 70–1, 71f

dysarthria, 64

dysgraphias, 82–4, 83t

central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83, 83t

deep dysgraphia, 83t, 84

dyspraxic dysgraphia, 82, 83t

lexical (surface) dysgraphia, 83t, 84

neglect dysgraphia see neglect dysgraphia

phonological dysgraphia, 83t, 83t4, 84

spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t

dyslexia, 78–82, 79t

central linguistic dyslexias see central linguistic dyslexias

deep, 79t, 81–2

neglect dyslexia see neglect dyslexia

peripheral see peripheral dyslexias

phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82

surface dyslexia, 79t, 81

dysphasia see aphasia

dyspraxia, spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t

dyspraxic dysgraphia, 82, 83t

 

early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

case study, 191–3, 192d

diagnosis, 154

Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 157

see also young-onset dementia

eating/diet

food preferences, 112

frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 48

EEG see electroencephalography (EEG)

egocentric disorientation, 102t

electroencephalography (EEG)

delirium, 34

transient episodic amnesia, 15

elevator counting, Test of Everyday

Attention, 250

emotion, delirium, 34–5

entorhinal cortex, 12f, 13f

amnesiac syndrome, 17

episodic memory, 10

episodic memory, 6, 7t, 8f, 10–19, 125–9, 126t

anterograde non-verbal memory, 126t, 127–8

anterograde verbal memory, 126–7, 126t

applied anatomy, 10–12, 11f

delirium vs. dementia, 61t

disorders of, 12–17, 14t

see also amnesic syndrome; transient amnesia

patient interview, 105, 107

retrograde memory, 126t, 128–9

temporal aspects, 18–19

executive abilities, 24–5

patient interview, 109

executive functions, higher-order, 2t

explicit (declarative) memory, 6, 7t, 8f

see also episodic memory; semantic memory

extinction to double simultaneous stimulation, 89

extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect) neglect, 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f

eye movement, physical examination, 118

 

face

description/matching/recognition, 151

processing defects, 88t

recognition see prosopagnosia (face recognition)

Facial Expression of Emotion Test (FEEST), 29

family history, 116

FEEST (Facial Expression of Emotion Test), 29

finger agnosia, 85

fluency

aphasia classification, 72–3

spontaneous speech, 136

focal lesions, aphasia, 65

food see eating/diet

freehand copying, extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145, 146f, 147f

frontal executive functions, 130–4, 131t

abstraction, 131t, 132

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 183–4

cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing

initiation, 130–2, 131t

problem-solving and decision making, 131t

response inhibition, 131t

response inhibition/set shifting, 132–4, 133f

set shifting, 131t

verbal fluency tests, 130–2

frontal eye fields, 27, 27f

frontal lobes, 27–9, 27f

cognitive functions, 23–4

degenerative disorders, 28

episodic memory, 11f

frontal eye fields, 27, 27f

function tests, 29

inferior see Broca’s area

medial frontal lobe, 26–7

motor area, 27, 27f

prefrontal cortex, 27, 27f

premotor area, 27f

supplementary motor area, 27

frontal release signs, physical examination, 118–19

frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 28, 46–55

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 163

Alzheimer’s disease vs., 163

aphasia, 65

behavioural variant, 196–8, 198t

behaviour patterns, 26, 48–50, 49b, 51b

corticobasal syndrome overlap, 47–8, 48f

fused in sarcoma -positive cases, 47

genetics, 46–7

historical aspects, 46

imaging, 49–50

motor neuron disease overlap, 47–8, 48f

primary progressive aphasia see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

right temporal variant of (progressive prosopagnosia and personality change), 204–6, 206t

tau-positive cases, 46–7

young-onset dementia, 47

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 66

fused in sarcoma (FUS)-positive cases, frontotemporal dementia, 47

 

GABAergic pathways, attention, 4–5

Ganser’s syndrome, 57

Gage, Phineas, 25–6

gait, 120

Galton–Crovitz technique, 19

Gerstmann’s syndrome, 85

causes, 67

glabellar tap, 119

global aphasia, 72t

GNT see Graded Naming Test (GNT) (Cambridge Cognition)

Go-No-Go test

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 183

response inhibition/set shifting, 133

Graded Naming Test (GNT) (Cambridge Cognition), 78, 236, 236f

semantic memory, 21

grammar comprehension, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185

grammatical (syntactic) spontaneous speech, 136

graphaesthesia, 119

grasping, 118

GRN (progranulin) gene, 47

Grober–Buscke Selective Reminding Test, 127

gustatory hallucinations, 114

 

hallucinations

delirium, 34

patient interview, 113–14

Hayling and Brixton Test (Pearson Assessment), 29, 236–9

hemianopia, 79

hemispatial (extrapersonal) neglect, 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f

herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 20, 21

higher-order cognitive function, 23–9

see also inhibitory control; motivation; social cognition

higher-order executive functions, 2t

hippocampal amnesia, 16–17

hippocampus, 12f, 13f

amnesic syndrome, 17

episodic memory, 10, 11f

history taking, 103–20

alcohol intake, 117

family history, 116

informant interview, 115–16

past medical history, 116–17

see also patient interview; physical examination

HSV (herpes simplex virus) infection, 20, 21

hub-and-spoke model (central amodal), semantic memory, 19–20, 20f

huntingtin (HTT) gene, 55–6

Huntington’s disease (HD), 55–6

case study, 214–16, 215t

genetics, 55–6

Mini-Mental State Examination, 156

subcortical dementia, 40

hyperalert delirium, 34

hypoalert delirium, 35

hypokinesia, 89

hypothalamus, episodic memory, 11f

hysterical pseudodementia, 57

 

ideational (conceptual) apraxia, 86t, 87

identification, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 151

ideomotor apraxia, 86, 86t

illusions, delirium, 33

imaging see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); positron emission tomography (PET); single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

implicit (procedural) memory, 6, 7t, 8f, 22–3

amnesic syndrome, 15

priming, 22

incomplete letters, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 253

informant interview, 115–16

information

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

Information–Memory–Concentration Test, 161

inhibitory control, 25–7

initiation, frontal executive functions, 130–2, 131t

involuntary movements, 119

Iowa Gambling Test, 29

 

Judgement of Line Orientation Test (JLO) (NFER–Nelson), 238, 238f

 

Kayser–Fleisher rings, 118

key search, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 222

kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t

Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 52

social conduct, 112

Korsakoff’s syndrome

diencephalic amnesia, 16

retrograde memory, 128–9

short-term (working) memory, 8

 

landmark agnosia, 102t

landmark identification, 111

language, 64–78, 134, 135–41

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 184–5

cerebral dominance, 65–6

comprehension, 137–8

formal tests, 78

minor hemisphere, 67–8, 68t

naming, 136–7

patient interview, 108–9

production, 108

prosody see prosody (melodic line)

repetition, 138–9

spontaneous speech, 135–6

see also aphasia; neurolinguistics; reading and writing; speech production; spelling (orthography)

left (dominant) hemisphere, 134–42

calculation, 141–2

see also calculation

language, 65–6

language testing see language

lesions in ideomotor apraxia, 86

praxis, 142, 143f

see also praxis testing

left posterior cerebral artery, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79, 80f

letter identification, reading, 139

lexical (surface) dysgraphia, 83t, 84

limb akinesia, 89

limbic system

attention, 5

damage, 11

semantic memory, 19

limb kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t

line bisection, extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145–6

line drawing copying, visual object agnosia, 150

linguistic (central) dysgraphia, 83, 83t

linguistic dyslexias, central see central linguistic dyslexias

localized cognitive functions, 1, 63–102

locus coerulus, attention, 4

logical memory, Wechsler Memory Scale, 257–8

logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA), 54

atypical Alzheimer’s disease, 45

case study, 200–2, 202t

long-term memory, 8f

sub-divisions, 6–7, 7t

see also explicit (declarative) memory; implicit (procedural) memory

LPA see logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA)

Luria Three-Step Test, 24

frontal lobe disfunction, 29

response inhibition/set shifting, 134

 

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Alzheimer’s disease, 46

frontotemporal dementia, 49–50, 50f

functional, 66

logopenic progressive aphasia, 54

semantic dementia, 52, 53f

vascular dementia, 55

mamillary bodies, episodic memory, 10

map search, Test of Everyday Attention, 250

MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene, 46–7

matrix reasoning, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), 153, 157–8

MCI see mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

MCST (Modified Card Sorting Test), 259

medial frontal lobe, motivation, 26–7

medial temporal lobe, 11, 12f

episodic memory, 10

melodic line (prosody), spontaneous speech, 136

memory, 2t, 6–23

delirium, 31–2

disorders, definition of, 7

frontal lobe, 18–19

long-term see long-term memory

patient interview see patient interview

short-term see short-term (working) memory

subdivisions of, 6–8, 8f

mental control, Wechsler Memory Scale, 258

Mesulam, Marsel, 3

metabolic disorders, attention, 6

microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene, 46–7

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43–4, 44b

case study, 189–90, 190t

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 153, 155–6

Alzheimer’s disease, 43, 154

applications, 155–6

cognitive function bedside testing, 123

constructional disorders, 93

frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 49

MMSE see Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

MND (motor neuron disease), frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f

modality-specific (classical) associative agnosia, 96

Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), 259

modified six element test, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 223

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), 153, 156–7, 156–7t

mood

cognitive function bedside testing, 121

delirium, 34–5

patient interview, 112–13

motivation, 25–7

cognitive function bedside testing, 121

medial frontal lobe, 26–7

patient interview, 113

motor area, frontal lobes, 27, 27f

motor neglect, 89–90

motor neuron disease (MND), frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f

motor sequencing

response inhibition/set shifting, 134

movements, involuntary, 119

MRI see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

multi-infarct dementia see vascular dementia (VaD)

multiple system atrophy (MSA)

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f

multiple trace model, amnesic syndrome, 17

mutism, 64

causes of, 65

 

names

cognitive function bedside testing, 126–7

Doors and People Test, 235

naming

aphasia classification, 73

Broca’s aphasia, 74

language, 136–7

NART (National Adult Reading Test: Second Edition), 81, 238–9

neglect dysgraphia, 90

cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 146–7

neglect dyslexia, 79t, 80, 90

cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 146–7

neglect of space, patient interview, 110

neglect phenomena, 88–90, 88t

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 186, 186f

anatomy, 90–1

causes of, 90–1

extrapersonal neglect, 90

mechanisms of, 91–2, 92f

motor neglect, 89–90

patient interview, 110–11

personal neglect, 89

sensory neglect, 89–90

tests for, 92–3

neurodegenerative disorders, 4–5

neurolinguistics, 68–70

see also aphasia; language; reading and writing

neuropsychological tests, 221–64

non-conscious memory see implicit (procedural) memory non-verbal tests anterograde episodic amnesia, 18–19

semantic memory, 22

see also verbal tests

non-word reading, 140, 140t

noradrenergic projections, attention, 4

nucleus basalis

attention, 5

episodic memory, 10

number location, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255

numerical skills see calculation

 

object agnosia, 187

object-centred neglect, 145

objects

decision, 253

feature description, 150

knowledge of, 150

matching, 150

recognition, 149, 150

occipital lobe, bilateral inferior lesions, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99

olfactory bulb, episodic memory, 11f

olfactory hallucinations

delirium, 34

patient interview, 114

optic aphasia, 97

optic ataxia, 101

oral (orobuccal) apraxia, 86t, 87

oral spelling, 141

orbital prefrontal cortex, 27

somatic markers, 26

orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6

orientation and attention, 121t, 122–5

alertness, 123

delirium vs. dementia, 60t

Wechsler Memory Scale, 258

orobuccal (oral) apraxia, 86t, 87

orthography (spelling) see spelling (orthography)

 

Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Brain Metric Software), 239

attention, 6

Paired Associate Learning (PAL), 19

Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43

anterograde non-verbal memory, 128

Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, 226

paired helical filaments (PHFSs), 41, 42f

PAL see Paired Associate Learning (PAL)

palmo-mental response, 119

PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia), 78

parahippocampal cortex, 12f, 13f

parahippocampal place area (PPL), 102

paraphasic errors in spontaneous speech, 136

parietal cortex

attention, 5

neglect phenomena, 90

PASAT see Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Brain Metric Software)

past medical history, 116–17

patient interview, 103–15

activities of daily living, 106t, 114–15

agitation, 106t, 113

anxiety, 106t, 113

apathy, 106t

attention, 105

concentration, 105

delusions, 106t, 113–14

eating, 106t, 112

episodic memory, 105, 107

executive abilities, 106t, 109

hallucinations, 106t, 113–14

language, 106t, 108–9

memory, 105, 106t, 107–8

mood, 106t, 112–13

motivation, 106t, 113

neglect phenomena, 106t, 110–11

numerical skills, 106t, 109

personality, 106t, 111–12

route finding and landmark identification, 106t, 111

semantic memory, 107, 108

social conduct, 106t, 111–12

visual perception, 106t, 111

visuospatial skills, 106t, 110

perception disorders

delirium, 33–4, 61t

dementia, 61t

peripheral dyslexias, 78–80, 79t

alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 78–80, 79t, 80f

neglect dyslexia, 79t, 80

perirhinal cortex, 12f, 13f

amnesic syndrome, 17

personality change, 23–9

orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6

patient interview, 111–12

personal neglect, 89

cognitive function bedside testing, 142, 144

PET see positron emission tomography (PET)

pharmacological agents, attention, 6

PHFSS (paired helical filaments), 41, 42f

phonological dysgraphia, 83t, 84

phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82

phonology, 68–9

store of, 9f

physical examination, 117–20

cranial nerve signs, 117–18

frontal release signs, 118–19

gait and balance, 120

motor system, 119

sensory system, 119–20

see also history taking

Pick bodies, 46

Pick’s disease see frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), 46

planning, 24

frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 49

PNFA see progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA)

position discrimination, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255

positron emission tomography (PET)

Alzheimer’s disease, 46

aphasia, 66

frontotemporal dementia, 50

logopenic progressive aphasia, 54

progressive non-fluent aphasia, 54

posterior superior temporal lobe (Wernicke’s area) see Wernicke’s area

postural arm drift, 119

pouting, 118

PPA see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

PPL (parahippocampal place area), 102

PPV (positive predictive value), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 181

praxis testing, 135, 142, 143f

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 185–6

prefrontal cortex

attention, 5

dorsolateral, 27

frontal lobes, 27, 27f

medial prefrontal cortex, 27

neglect phenomena, 90

premotor area, frontal lobes, 27f

presenilin 1 (PSEM1) gene, 41

primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 50–4

logopenic progressive aphasia, 54

progressive non-fluent aphasia, 53–4

semantic dementia, 51–3

see also semantic dementia

priming, implicit (procedural) memory, 22

procedural memory see implicit (procedural) memory

progranulin (GRN) gene, 47

progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), 53–4

case study, 198–200, 200t

progressive prosopagnosia and personality change (right temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia), 204–6, 206t

progressive silhouette, 253

progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 57

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163

case study, 208–10, 210t

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f

Mini-Mental State Examination, 156

subcortical dementia, 40

prosody (melodic line), 67–8, 88t

spontaneous speech, 136

prosopagnosia (face recognition), 98–100, 99f

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 187

complex visuoperceptual abilities and agnosias, 149–50, 151

progressive, 204–6, 206t

tests for, 100

proverbs

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 183

frontal executive function testing, 132

PSEM1 (presenilin 1) gene, 41

pseudobulbar palsy, 65

pseudodementia, 57–8

depressive see depressive pseudodementia

PSP see progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

psychiatric disorders, aphasia, 65

Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA), 78

psychomotor behaviour, delirium, 34–5

pure alexia (alexia without agraphia), 78–80, 79t, 80f

Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (Pearson Assessment), 239, 240f, 241

progressive non-fluent aphasia, 53

semantic dementia, 52

semantic memory, 22, 129b

 

raphe nucleus, attention, 4

rapidly progressive dementia, 58, 59t

Raven’s Progressive and Coloured Progressive Matrices (Harcourt Assessment Resources Inc.), 25, 241

RAVLT see Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)

RBMT see Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Second Edition (RBMT-II) (Pearson Assessment)

reaction time, 226

reading and writing, 70–1, 139–40, 140–1

angular gyrus, 67

dual-route model, 70–1, 71f

patient interview, 108–9

reading ability tests, 82

reading disorders see dyslexia

reading errors, 140

triangle model, 71, 72f

writing ability tests, 84

see also dysgraphias; dyslexia; language; neurolinguistics; spelling (orthography); words

Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, 29

Recognition Memory Test (RMT) (Pearson Assessment), 241–2

anterograde non-verbal memory, 128

remote memory, 182–3

repetition

aphasia classification, 73

language, 138–9

representational mode, neglect phenomena, 91–2, 92f

response inhibition, frontal executive functions, 131t, 132–4, 133f

reticular system, neglect phenomena, 90

reticulothalamic cortical pathway, attention, 4

retrograde amnesia, 15

retrograde memory

cognitive function bedside testing, 126t, 128–9

delirium, 32

patient interview, 108

tests for, 19

retrosplenial cortex, episodic memory, 10

Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), 242–3, 243b

anterograde verbal memory, 127

Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Pearson Assessment), 243–4, 244f, 245b, 246b

anterograde non-verbal memory, 128

constructional disorders, 94

visuospatial and constructional ability, 148, 149f

right hemisphere, 142, 144–51

cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing

complex visuoperceptual abilities and agnosias, 144, 149–50

extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f

language, 67–8, 68t

neglect dyslexia and dysgraphia, 144, 146–7

personal neglect, 142, 144

sensory neglect, 142, 144–5

visual object agnosia, 150–1

visuospatial and constructional ability, 144, 148, 148f, 149f

right hemisphere damage deficits, 87–100, 88t

Balint’s syndrome, 88t

colour perception disorders, 88t

complex visuospatial defects, 88t

constructional disorders, 88t

dressing apraxia, 88t, 144, 147

face processing defects, 88t

neglect phenomena see neglect phenomena

topographical disorientation, 88t

vigilance/arousal disorders, 88t

right homonymous hemianopia, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79

right–left disorientation, Gerstmann’s syndrome, 85

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Second Edition (RBMT-II) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 244, 246–7

anterograde non-verbal memory, 128

anterograde verbal memory, 127

RMT see Recognition Memory Test (RMT) (Pearson Assessment)

route finding, 111

 

Schnoll Graded Word Reading Test, 239

selective attention, 2

semantic dementia

behaviour changes, 52

case study, 202–4, 204t

category fluency, 52

comprehension, 51–2

imaging, 52–3

primary progressive aphasia, 51–3

tests for, 52

semantic memory, 6–7, 7t, 8f, 19–22

anatomy, 19

central amodal (hub-and-spoke model), 19–20, 20f

cognitive function bedside testing, 129–30, 129b

disorders of, 21

patient interview, 107, 108

tests of, 21–2

semantics, neurolinguistics, 69

sensory interactions, 120

sensory neglect, 89–90

cognitive function bedside testing, 142, 144–5

sensory system, physical examination, 119–20

sentence (syntactic) comprehension, 138

septal nucleus, episodic memory, 10

set shifting, frontal executive functions, 131t, 132–4, 133f

shapes test, Doors and People Test, 235

short-term (working) memory, 8–10, 8f

Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43

amnesic syndrome, 15, 16

definition, 125

delirium vs. dementia, 60t

frontal lobe, 18–19

model of, 9f

subcomponents, 9

tests of, 10

silhouette, 253

similarities

frontal executive function testing, 132

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

simultanagnosia, Balint’s syndrome, 101

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Alzheimer’s disease, 46

frontotemporal dementia, 50

logopenic progressive aphasia, 54

progressive non-fluent aphasia, 54

single-word comprehension, 137–8

sleep–wake cycle

delirium, 34, 61t

dementia, 61t

SMA see supplementary motor area (SMA)

smell, physical examination, 117

social cognition, 2t, 25–7

social conduct, 111–12

Social Faux Pas Test, 29

somatic markers, orbital cortex, 26

space perception, 254–5

spatial addition tests, 258

spatial dyscalculia, 85

spatial memory, 258

spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t

spatial orientation, 110

spatial working memory, 227

SPECT see single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

speech production

delirium vs. dementia, 61t

semantic memory, 22

spontaneous speech, 135–6

see also articulation; language

spelling (orthography), 70

oral spelling, 141

see also language; reading and writing

spontaneous speech, 135–6

spontaneous writing, 141

standardized mental test schedules, 153–62

demography, 154

development of, 154

ethnicity, 154–5

first language problems, 154–5

Star Cancellation Test, 223

stockings of Cambridge, 227

Stop Signal Task, 229

stork manoeuvre, 120

Story Recall (Logical Memory), 247–8, 247b

strokes

amnestic, bilateral thalamic infarction, 216–18, 217t

mutism, 65

Stroop Tests, 248, 249f

attention, 6

structural disorders

attention, 5

frontal lobe, 28

subcortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40, 40t

subiculum, episodic memory, 10

Supermarket Fluency Test, 132

supplementary motor area (SMA), 27

limb kinetic apraxia, 86

supramarginal gyrus

aphasia, 67f

conduction aphasia, 76

surface (lexical) dysgraphia, 83t, 84

surface dyslexia, 79t, 81

sustained attention (vigilance), 2

SYDBAT see Sydney Language Battery (SYDBAT)

Sydney Language Battery (SYDBAT), 248–50

symbol span, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 258

syntactic (grammatical) spontaneous speech, 136

syntax comprehension, 69–70

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185

 

tactile hallucinations, delirium, 34

tactile naming, visual object agnosia, 150

tactile neglect, 145

TAR DNA binding protein (TDP), 47

tau-positive cases of frontotemporal dementia, 46–7

TEA see Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) (Pearson Assessment)

telephone search dual task, 250–1

temporal judgement, 222

temporal lobe

medial see medial temporal lobe

progressive prosopagnosia and personality change, 204–6, 206t

right anterior, atrophy of, 99–100

10-item Hodgkinson Mental test, 153

Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG-II) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 251

sentence (syntactic) comprehension, 138

Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) (Pearson Assessment), 250–1

attention, 6

thalamus

attention, 5

bilateral infarction, 216–18, 217t

episodic memory, 10, 11f

neglect phenomena, 90, 91

theory of mind, 26

thinking

delirium, 33, 61t

dementia, 61t

TMA see transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)

Token Test (PRO-ED Inc.), 78, 251

topographical disorientation, 88t, 101–2, 102t

anterograde spatial recognition, 102t

egocentric disorientation, 102t

landmark agnosia, 102t

Tower of London test, 25, 29

Trail Making Test, 251–2, 252b

attention, 6

frontal lobe disfunction, 29

response inhibition/set shifting, 133

transcortical motor aphasia (TMA), 76

classification, 72t

transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), 76–7

classification, 72t

transient amnesia, 12–15

transient epileptic amnesia, 218–20, 219t

transient global amnesia, 13–15

triangle model, reading and writing, 71, 72f

TROG see Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG-II) (Pearson Assessment)

TSA see transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)

 

vascular dementia (VaD), 40, 55

vascular disorders, frontal lobe, 28

Verbal Fluency Tests, 130–2

Letter and Category Fluency, 252–3

verbal tests

anterograde episodic amnesia, 18

verbal paired associates test, 258

verbal recall, 235

verbal recognition memory, 228, 235

verbal scales subtests, 256

see also non-verbal tests

vigilance (sustained attention), 2

vision, physical examination, 117–18

visual agnosia

apperceptive, 95–6, 96t, 150

associative, 96t, 150

visual confrontation naming, 249

visual hallucinations

delirium, 34

patient interview, 114

visual identification, 150

visual memory, 235, 258

visual neglect, 145

visual object agnosia, 94–8, 95f

apperceptive visual agnosia, 95–6, 96t

associative visual agnosia, 96–7, 96t

cognitive function bedside testing, 150–1, 151t

tests for, 98

Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VSOP) (Pearson Assessment), 94, 253–5, 254f

visual paired associates, 258

visual perception, 111

visual puzzles, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256

visual search tasks

extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145

matching to sample, 226

visual (visuospatial) sketchpad, 9, 9f

visuospatial ability testing, 144, 148, 148f, 149f

visual-spatial working memory, 258

vocabulary, 256

VSOP (Visual Object and Space Perception Battery) (Pearson Assessment), 94, 253–5, 254f

 

WAB (Western Aphasia Battery) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 258–9

WAIS-III see Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-III) (Pearson Assessment)

WAIS-R see Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-III) (Pearson Assessment)

WCST see Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Pearson Assessment)

Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-IV) (Pearson Assessment), 255–7, 257–9

constructional disorders, 94

perceptual reasoning subtests, 356

processing speed, 257

verbal scales subtests, 256

working memory subtests, 256

Wechlser Memory Scale (WMS) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 257–8

anterograde verbal memory, 127

Logical Memory Subtest, 247

Wernicke’s aphasia, 66, 67f, 74–5

anatomy, 75

central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83

classification, 72t

Wernicke’s area, 66, 67f

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 258–9

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Pearson Assessment), 25, 259–60, 260f

frontal lobe disfunction, 29

response inhibition/set shifting, 133

vascular dementia, 55

WMS see Wechlser Memory Scale (WMS) (Pearson Assessment)

WMS (Wechsler Memory Scale) (Pearson Assessment), 257–8

word-to-picture matching, semantic memory, 22

working memory see short-term (working) memory

writing see reading and writing

 

young-onset dementia, 60

frontotemporal dementia, 47

see also early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

 

zoo map, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 222–3