Index
Notes: Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by an italic t, f, and b following the page number vs. indicates a comparison or differential diagnosis
abstraction
frontal executive functions, 131t, 132
acalculia, 85
ACE-III see Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-III)
acetylcholine, attention, 4
achromatopsia, 100
activities of daily living (ADL), 114–15
AD see Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
ADAS (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale), 162
ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale), 153
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-III), 153, 163–87, 164–80f
Alzheimer’s disease vs. frontotemporal dementia, 163, 181–2
anterograde verbal memory, 127
applications, 159f, 163
calculation, 185
cognitive function bedside testing, 121, 123
complex visuoperceptual abilities, 187, 187t
dementia, likelihood ratios, 182t
extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145, 146f, 147f
frontal executive function, 183–4
language, 184–5
neglect phenomena, 186, 186f
normative data, 180–2, 181t
praxis, 185–6
remote memory, 182–3
repetition, 138–9
single-word comprehension, 137–8
verbal fluency tests, 131
ADL (activities of daily living), 114–15
agitation, patient interview, 113
agnosias
classical (modality-specific) associative, 96
cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 149–50
cross-modal associative, 97
finger agnosia, 85
landmark agnosia, 102t
object agnosia, 187
patient interview, 111
visual see visual agnosia
visual object see visual object agnosia
agrammatism, Broca’s aphasia, 74
akinesia, limb akinesia, 89
alcohol intake, history taking, 117
alertness
cognitive function bedside testing, 123
delirium vs. dementia, 60t
alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 78–80, 79t, 80f
Alternating Hand Movements Test, response inhibition/set shifting, 134
Alternating Sequences Test, response inhibition/set shifting, 133, 133f
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 41–6
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 159f, 163
amnesiac syndrome, 17
anomic aphasia, 77
aphasia, 65
atypical type, 45–6
cortical dementia, 39–40
early-onset see early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
episodic memory, 12
frontotemporal dementia vs., 163
genetics, 41
historical aspects, 41
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f
mild cognitive impairment (stage 1), 43–4, 44b
mild-to-moderate dementia (stage 2), 44–5
Mini-Mental State Examination, 156
moderate, case study, 193–4, 194t
neuroimaging, 46
neuropathology, 41, 42f
retrograde memory, 128–9
semantic memory loss, 8
visual variant (posterior cortical atrophy), case study, 212–14, 213t
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS), 162
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), 153
American National Reading Test (ANART), 239
AMI (Autobiographical Memory Interview) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 221–2
amnesia
anterograde see anterograde amnesia
diencephalic see diencephalic amnesia
hippocampal amnesia, 16–17
retrograde amnesia, 15
transient amnesia, 12–15
transient epileptic amnesia, 218–20, 219t
transient global amnesia, 13–15
amnesic syndrome, 7, 14t, 15–17
characteristics, 15
cognitive neuropsychology, 16–17
amnestic stroke, bilateral thalamic infarction, 216–18, 217t
amygdala, episodic memory, 11f
amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, Alzheimer’s disease, 41
anarithmetria, 85
ANART (American National Reading Test), 239
angular gyrus
aphasia, 67f
writing ability, 67
anomic aphasia, 77–8
classification, 72t
anosodiaphoria, 89
anosognosia, 89
anterior right temporal lobe atrophy, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99–100
anterograde amnesia
Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43
amnesic syndrome, 15
episodic amnesia, 18–19
anterograde episodic memory, 108
anterograde non-verbal memory, 126t, 127–8
anterograde spatial recognition, 102t
anterograde verbal memory testing, 126–7, 126t
aphasia, 64–78, 65
anatomy, 66–7
anomic see anomic aphasia
articulation disorders, 65
causes, 64, 65
cognitive function bedside testing, 123–4
conduction see conduction aphasia
cortical dementia, 39
crossed, 66
dysarthria, 64
formal tests, 78
global aphasia, 72t
imaging, 66
mutism, 64
optic aphasia, 97
primary progressive see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
progressive non-fluent aphasia see progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA)
syndrome classification, 71–3, 72t
Wernicke’s aphasia see Wernicke’s aphasia
see also language; neurolinguistics
Aphasia Quotient, Western Aphasia Battery, 259
apperceptive visual agnosia, 95–6, 96t, 150
appetite, patient interview, 112
APP (amyloid precursor protein) gene, 41
apraxias, 85–7, 86t
ideational (conceptual) apraxia, 86t, 87
ideomotor apraxia, 86, 86t
limb kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t
orobuccal (oral) apraxia, 86t, 87
ARAS see ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
arcuate fasciculus
aphasia, 66, 67f
conduction aphasia, 75
arithmetic see calculation
arousal, 2–6
arousal/vigilance disorders, 88t
articulation
disorders, 65
spontaneous speech, 135
see also speech production
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
attention, 3, 4–5, 5f
delirium pathology, 35
associative agnosia
classical (modality-specific), 96
cross-modal, 97
visual agnosia, 96t, 150
astereognosis, physical examination, 119
ataxia, optic ataxia, 101
attention, 2–6, 2t
anatomy, 3–6
ascending reticular activating system, 3, 4–5, 5f
cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing
delirium, 31–2
delirium vs. dementia, 60t
divided see divided attention
domain-specific, 3
neglect phenomena model, 91, 92f
patient interview, 107
selective see selective attention
sustained, 2
attentional matrix, 3–4, 4f
attention, tests of, 6
auditory elevator with reversal, Test of Everyday Attention, 250
auditory neglect, 145
Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 221–2
awareness, delirium vs. dementia, 60t
BADS see Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Pearson Assessment)
balance, 120
Balint’s syndrome, 88t, 101
basal forebrain, attention, 4
basal forebrain nuclei, episodic memory, 10
basal ganglia disorders
frontal lobe function disorders vs., 28
limb kinetic apraxia, 86
neglect phenomena, 91
BDAE (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination), 78
behaviour, 23–9
orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6
semantic dementia, 52
Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Pearson Assessment), 222–3
Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) (Pearson Assessment), 223–4
behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 196–8, 198t
bilateral inferior occipital lesions, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99
bilateral thalamic infarction, amnestic stroke, 216–18, 217t
BIT (Behavioural Inattention Test) (Pearson Assessment), 223–4
block design, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
BNT see Boston Naming Test (BNT) bodily neglect, 110–11
body image, delirium, 33
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE), 78
Boston Naming Test (BNT), 78, 224
semantic memory, 21
Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, 237, 237f
Broca’s aphasia, 66, 67f, 73–4
anterior type, naming, 136–7
classification, 72t
Broca’s area, 27, 27f
buccofacial praxis, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185–6
bulbar palsy, 65
C9orf72 gene, 47
calculation, 135, 141–2
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185
arithmetic operations, 142
impairment syndromes, 85
number reading and writing, 141
patient interview, 109
Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT & CVLT-1) (Pearson Assessment), 224–5
Cambridge Cognitive Examination–Revised (CAMCOG-R), 153, 159, 159–60t, 161
applications, 161
Information–Memory–Concentration Test in, 161
Mini-Mental State Examination, 161
Cambridge Examination for mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX), 161
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (Cambridge Cognition), 225–9
Cambridge Semantic Memory Test Battery, 229, 230f, 231
semantic memory, 22, 129b
visual object agnosia, 98
CAMDEX (Cambridge Examination for mental Disorders of the Elderly), 161
Camel and Cactus test, 22, 129b
CANTAB see Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (Cambridge Cognition)
Capgras delusion, 113
case studies, 189–220
category fluency
semantic dementia, 52
semantic memory, 129
category-specific anomic aphasia, 77–8
CBD see corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83, 83t
central linguistic dyslexias, 79t, 80–2
deep dyslexia, 79t, 81–2
phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82
surface dyslexia, 79t, 81
cerebral cortex, attention, 4
Charles Bonnet syndrome, 114
cholinergic pathways, attention, 4–5
cingulate cortex, neglect phenomena, 90
cingulate gyrus, neglect phenomena, 91
circuit of Papez, episodic memory, 11
clouding of consciousness, delirium, 35
cognitive estimates, frontal executive function testing, 132
Cognitive Estimates Test, 231, 232–3b
cognitive function bedside testing, 121–51
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 121
attention/concentration, 124–5
dominant (left) hemisphere function see left (dominant) hemisphere
episodic memory see episodic memory
frontal executive functions see frontal executive functions
general observations, 121–2
orientation and attention see orientation and attention
right hemisphere functions see right hemisphere
semantic memory, 129–30, 129b
cognitive functions
distributed see distributed cognitive functions
frontal lobes, 23–4
higher-order, 23–9
localized see localized cognitive functions
colour agnosia, 100
colour anomia, 100
colour perception disorders, 88t
colour processing tests, 100
complex visuoperceptual abilities
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 187, 187t
cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 149–50
complex visuospatial abilities, 94
defects, 88t
comprehension
aphasia classification, 73
language, 137–8
patient interview, 108
semantic dementia, 51–2
computed tomography (CT)
Alzheimer’s disease, 46
dementia, 60, 62
frontotemporal dementia, 49
semantic dementia, 52
conceptual (ideational) apraxia, 86t, 87
conduction aphasia, 75–6
classification, 72t
confabulation, 18
confrontation naming, semantic memory, 129–30
consciousness, clouding of in delirium, 35
consolidation, 17
constructional ability testing, 144, 148, 148f, 149f
constructional disorders, 88t, 93
patient interview, 110
tests of, 93–4
corpus callosum, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79
cortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40t
corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163
case study, 206–8, 208t
frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f
cranial nerve signs, physical examination, 117–18
crossed aphasia, 66
cross-modal associative agnosia, 97
CT see computed tomography (CT)
cube analysis, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255
CVLT (California Verbal Learning Test) (Pearson Assessment), 224–5
declarative (explicit) memory, 6, 7t, 8f
see also episodic memory; semantic memory
deep dysgraphia, 83t, 84
deep dyslexia, 79t, 81–2
degenerative disorders, frontal lobe, 28
delirium, 31–6
attention, 31–2
causes, 36b
clouding of consciousness, 35
delusions, 33
dementia vs., 60–1t
emotion, 34–5
epidemiology, 35
hyperalert delirium, 34
hypoalert delirium, 35
memory, 31–2
Mini-Mental State Examination, 155
mood, 34–5
pathology, 35
perception disorders, 33–4
psychomotor behaviour, 34–5
sleep–wake cycle, 34
thinking, 33
Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) (Pearson Assessment), 233
delusions
delirium, 33
patient interview, 113–14
Damasio, Antonio, 26
dementia, 36–61
Alzheimer type, of the, 43
aphasia, 65
causes of, 38–9b
cortical, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40t
cortical vs. subcortical, 37, 39–41
delirium vs., 60–1t
imaging, 58, 59b, 60
Mini-Mental State Examination, 155
rapidly progressive dementia, 58, 59t
semantic see semantic dementia
subcortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40, 40t
young-onset see young-onset dementia
Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), 153
dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 56–7
case study, 210–12, 211t
cortical and subcortical features, 41
demography, 154
depressive pseudodementia, 58
case study, 195–6, 196t
DRS (Dementia Rating Scale), 153
diagonal band of Broca, 10
diencephalic amnesia
amnesiac syndrome, 16
retrograde memory, 128–9
diencephalon, episodic memory, 10
Digit Span test, 233–5, 234b
cognitive function bedside testing, 124–5, 125b
Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
Wechsler Memory Scale, 258
disorientation, egocentric, 102t
distributed cognitive functions, 1–29, 2t
arousal see arousal
attention see attention
localized cognitive functions vs., 1
divided attention, 2
D-KEFS (Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System) (Pearson Assessment), 233
DLB see dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
dominant hemisphere see left (dominant) hemisphere
Doors and People Test (Pearson Assessment), 19, 235
anterograde verbal memory, 127
dopaminergic projections, attention, 4
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 27
dot counting, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 254–5
dressing apraxia, 88t, 93
cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 147
patient interview, 110
DRS (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale), 153, 157–8
dual-route model, reading and writing, 70–1, 71f
dysarthria, 64
dysgraphias, 82–4, 83t
central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83, 83t
deep dysgraphia, 83t, 84
dyspraxic dysgraphia, 82, 83t
lexical (surface) dysgraphia, 83t, 84
neglect dysgraphia see neglect dysgraphia
phonological dysgraphia, 83t, 83t4, 84
spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t
dyslexia, 78–82, 79t
central linguistic dyslexias see central linguistic dyslexias
deep, 79t, 81–2
neglect dyslexia see neglect dyslexia
peripheral see peripheral dyslexias
phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82
surface dyslexia, 79t, 81
dysphasia see aphasia
dyspraxia, spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t
dyspraxic dysgraphia, 82, 83t
early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
case study, 191–3, 192d
diagnosis, 154
Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 157
see also young-onset dementia
eating/diet
food preferences, 112
frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 48
EEG see electroencephalography (EEG)
egocentric disorientation, 102t
electroencephalography (EEG)
delirium, 34
transient episodic amnesia, 15
elevator counting, Test of Everyday
Attention, 250
emotion, delirium, 34–5
entorhinal cortex, 12f, 13f
amnesiac syndrome, 17
episodic memory, 10
episodic memory, 6, 7t, 8f, 10–19, 125–9, 126t
anterograde non-verbal memory, 126t, 127–8
anterograde verbal memory, 126–7, 126t
applied anatomy, 10–12, 11f
delirium vs. dementia, 61t
disorders of, 12–17, 14t
see also amnesic syndrome; transient amnesia
patient interview, 105, 107
retrograde memory, 126t, 128–9
temporal aspects, 18–19
executive abilities, 24–5
patient interview, 109
executive functions, higher-order, 2t
explicit (declarative) memory, 6, 7t, 8f
see also episodic memory; semantic memory
extinction to double simultaneous stimulation, 89
extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect) neglect, 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f
eye movement, physical examination, 118
face
description/matching/recognition, 151
processing defects, 88t
recognition see prosopagnosia (face recognition)
Facial Expression of Emotion Test (FEEST), 29
family history, 116
FEEST (Facial Expression of Emotion Test), 29
finger agnosia, 85
fluency
aphasia classification, 72–3
spontaneous speech, 136
focal lesions, aphasia, 65
food see eating/diet
freehand copying, extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145, 146f, 147f
frontal executive functions, 130–4, 131t
abstraction, 131t, 132
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 183–4
cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing
initiation, 130–2, 131t
problem-solving and decision making, 131t
response inhibition, 131t
response inhibition/set shifting, 132–4, 133f
set shifting, 131t
verbal fluency tests, 130–2
frontal eye fields, 27, 27f
frontal lobes, 27–9, 27f
cognitive functions, 23–4
degenerative disorders, 28
episodic memory, 11f
frontal eye fields, 27, 27f
function tests, 29
inferior see Broca’s area
medial frontal lobe, 26–7
motor area, 27, 27f
prefrontal cortex, 27, 27f
premotor area, 27f
supplementary motor area, 27
frontal release signs, physical examination, 118–19
frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 28, 46–55
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 163
Alzheimer’s disease vs., 163
aphasia, 65
behavioural variant, 196–8, 198t
behaviour patterns, 26, 48–50, 49b, 51b
corticobasal syndrome overlap, 47–8, 48f
fused in sarcoma -positive cases, 47
genetics, 46–7
historical aspects, 46
imaging, 49–50
motor neuron disease overlap, 47–8, 48f
primary progressive aphasia see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
right temporal variant of (progressive prosopagnosia and personality change), 204–6, 206t
tau-positive cases, 46–7
young-onset dementia, 47
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 66
fused in sarcoma (FUS)-positive cases, frontotemporal dementia, 47
GABAergic pathways, attention, 4–5
Ganser’s syndrome, 57
Gage, Phineas, 25–6
gait, 120
Galton–Crovitz technique, 19
Gerstmann’s syndrome, 85
causes, 67
glabellar tap, 119
global aphasia, 72t
GNT see Graded Naming Test (GNT) (Cambridge Cognition)
Go-No-Go test
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 183
response inhibition/set shifting, 133
Graded Naming Test (GNT) (Cambridge Cognition), 78, 236, 236f
semantic memory, 21
grammar comprehension, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185
grammatical (syntactic) spontaneous speech, 136
graphaesthesia, 119
grasping, 118
GRN (progranulin) gene, 47
Grober–Buscke Selective Reminding Test, 127
gustatory hallucinations, 114
hallucinations
delirium, 34
patient interview, 113–14
Hayling and Brixton Test (Pearson Assessment), 29, 236–9
hemianopia, 79
hemispatial (extrapersonal) neglect, 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f
herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 20, 21
higher-order cognitive function, 23–9
see also inhibitory control; motivation; social cognition
higher-order executive functions, 2t
hippocampal amnesia, 16–17
hippocampus, 12f, 13f
amnesic syndrome, 17
episodic memory, 10, 11f
history taking, 103–20
alcohol intake, 117
family history, 116
informant interview, 115–16
past medical history, 116–17
see also patient interview; physical examination
HSV (herpes simplex virus) infection, 20, 21
hub-and-spoke model (central amodal), semantic memory, 19–20, 20f
huntingtin (HTT) gene, 55–6
Huntington’s disease (HD), 55–6
case study, 214–16, 215t
genetics, 55–6
Mini-Mental State Examination, 156
subcortical dementia, 40
hyperalert delirium, 34
hypoalert delirium, 35
hypokinesia, 89
hypothalamus, episodic memory, 11f
hysterical pseudodementia, 57
ideational (conceptual) apraxia, 86t, 87
identification, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 151
ideomotor apraxia, 86, 86t
illusions, delirium, 33
imaging see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); positron emission tomography (PET); single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
implicit (procedural) memory, 6, 7t, 8f, 22–3
amnesic syndrome, 15
priming, 22
incomplete letters, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 253
informant interview, 115–16
information
Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
Information–Memory–Concentration Test, 161
inhibitory control, 25–7
initiation, frontal executive functions, 130–2, 131t
involuntary movements, 119
Iowa Gambling Test, 29
Judgement of Line Orientation Test (JLO) (NFER–Nelson), 238, 238f
Kayser–Fleisher rings, 118
key search, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 222
kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t
Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 52
social conduct, 112
Korsakoff’s syndrome
diencephalic amnesia, 16
retrograde memory, 128–9
short-term (working) memory, 8
landmark agnosia, 102t
landmark identification, 111
language, 64–78, 134, 135–41
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 184–5
cerebral dominance, 65–6
comprehension, 137–8
formal tests, 78
minor hemisphere, 67–8, 68t
naming, 136–7
patient interview, 108–9
production, 108
prosody see prosody (melodic line)
repetition, 138–9
spontaneous speech, 135–6
see also aphasia; neurolinguistics; reading and writing; speech production; spelling (orthography)
left (dominant) hemisphere, 134–42
calculation, 141–2
see also calculation
language, 65–6
language testing see language
lesions in ideomotor apraxia, 86
praxis, 142, 143f
see also praxis testing
left posterior cerebral artery, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79, 80f
letter identification, reading, 139
lexical (surface) dysgraphia, 83t, 84
limb akinesia, 89
limbic system
attention, 5
damage, 11
semantic memory, 19
limb kinetic apraxia, 86, 86t
line bisection, extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145–6
line drawing copying, visual object agnosia, 150
linguistic (central) dysgraphia, 83, 83t
linguistic dyslexias, central see central linguistic dyslexias
localized cognitive functions, 1, 63–102
locus coerulus, attention, 4
logical memory, Wechsler Memory Scale, 257–8
logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA), 54
atypical Alzheimer’s disease, 45
case study, 200–2, 202t
long-term memory, 8f
sub-divisions, 6–7, 7t
see also explicit (declarative) memory; implicit (procedural) memory
LPA see logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA)
Luria Three-Step Test, 24
frontal lobe disfunction, 29
response inhibition/set shifting, 134
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Alzheimer’s disease, 46
frontotemporal dementia, 49–50, 50f
functional, 66
logopenic progressive aphasia, 54
semantic dementia, 52, 53f
vascular dementia, 55
mamillary bodies, episodic memory, 10
map search, Test of Everyday Attention, 250
MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene, 46–7
matrix reasoning, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), 153, 157–8
MCI see mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
MCST (Modified Card Sorting Test), 259
medial frontal lobe, motivation, 26–7
medial temporal lobe, 11, 12f
episodic memory, 10
melodic line (prosody), spontaneous speech, 136
memory, 2t, 6–23
delirium, 31–2
disorders, definition of, 7
frontal lobe, 18–19
long-term see long-term memory
patient interview see patient interview
short-term see short-term (working) memory
subdivisions of, 6–8, 8f
mental control, Wechsler Memory Scale, 258
Mesulam, Marsel, 3
metabolic disorders, attention, 6
microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene, 46–7
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43–4, 44b
case study, 189–90, 190t
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 153, 155–6
Alzheimer’s disease, 43, 154
applications, 155–6
cognitive function bedside testing, 123
constructional disorders, 93
frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 49
MMSE see Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
MND (motor neuron disease), frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f
modality-specific (classical) associative agnosia, 96
Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), 259
modified six element test, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 223
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), 153, 156–7, 156–7t
mood
cognitive function bedside testing, 121
delirium, 34–5
patient interview, 112–13
motivation, 25–7
cognitive function bedside testing, 121
medial frontal lobe, 26–7
patient interview, 113
motor area, frontal lobes, 27, 27f
motor neglect, 89–90
motor neuron disease (MND), frontotemporal dementia overlap, 47–8, 48f
motor sequencing
response inhibition/set shifting, 134
movements, involuntary, 119
MRI see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
multi-infarct dementia see vascular dementia (VaD)
multiple system atrophy (MSA)
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f
multiple trace model, amnesic syndrome, 17
mutism, 64
causes of, 65
names
cognitive function bedside testing, 126–7
Doors and People Test, 235
naming
aphasia classification, 73
Broca’s aphasia, 74
language, 136–7
NART (National Adult Reading Test: Second Edition), 81, 238–9
neglect dysgraphia, 90
cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 146–7
neglect dyslexia, 79t, 80, 90
cognitive function bedside testing, 144, 146–7
neglect of space, patient interview, 110
neglect phenomena, 88–90, 88t
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 186, 186f
anatomy, 90–1
causes of, 90–1
extrapersonal neglect, 90
mechanisms of, 91–2, 92f
motor neglect, 89–90
patient interview, 110–11
personal neglect, 89
sensory neglect, 89–90
tests for, 92–3
neurodegenerative disorders, 4–5
neurolinguistics, 68–70
see also aphasia; language; reading and writing
neuropsychological tests, 221–64
non-conscious memory see implicit (procedural) memory non-verbal tests anterograde episodic amnesia, 18–19
semantic memory, 22
see also verbal tests
non-word reading, 140, 140t
noradrenergic projections, attention, 4
nucleus basalis
attention, 5
episodic memory, 10
number location, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255
numerical skills see calculation
object agnosia, 187
object-centred neglect, 145
objects
decision, 253
feature description, 150
knowledge of, 150
matching, 150
recognition, 149, 150
occipital lobe, bilateral inferior lesions, prosopagnosia (face recognition), 99
olfactory bulb, episodic memory, 11f
olfactory hallucinations
delirium, 34
patient interview, 114
optic aphasia, 97
optic ataxia, 101
oral (orobuccal) apraxia, 86t, 87
oral spelling, 141
orbital prefrontal cortex, 27
somatic markers, 26
orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6
orientation and attention, 121t, 122–5
alertness, 123
delirium vs. dementia, 60t
Wechsler Memory Scale, 258
orobuccal (oral) apraxia, 86t, 87
orthography (spelling) see spelling (orthography)
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Brain Metric Software), 239
attention, 6
Paired Associate Learning (PAL), 19
Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43
anterograde non-verbal memory, 128
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, 226
paired helical filaments (PHFSs), 41, 42f
PAL see Paired Associate Learning (PAL)
palmo-mental response, 119
PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia), 78
parahippocampal cortex, 12f, 13f
parahippocampal place area (PPL), 102
paraphasic errors in spontaneous speech, 136
parietal cortex
attention, 5
neglect phenomena, 90
PASAT see Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Brain Metric Software)
past medical history, 116–17
patient interview, 103–15
activities of daily living, 106t, 114–15
agitation, 106t, 113
anxiety, 106t, 113
apathy, 106t
attention, 105
concentration, 105
delusions, 106t, 113–14
eating, 106t, 112
episodic memory, 105, 107
executive abilities, 106t, 109
hallucinations, 106t, 113–14
language, 106t, 108–9
memory, 105, 106t, 107–8
mood, 106t, 112–13
motivation, 106t, 113
neglect phenomena, 106t, 110–11
numerical skills, 106t, 109
personality, 106t, 111–12
route finding and landmark identification, 106t, 111
semantic memory, 107, 108
social conduct, 106t, 111–12
visual perception, 106t, 111
visuospatial skills, 106t, 110
perception disorders
delirium, 33–4, 61t
dementia, 61t
peripheral dyslexias, 78–80, 79t
alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 78–80, 79t, 80f
neglect dyslexia, 79t, 80
perirhinal cortex, 12f, 13f
amnesic syndrome, 17
personality change, 23–9
orbitomedial frontal lobe, 25–6
patient interview, 111–12
personal neglect, 89
cognitive function bedside testing, 142, 144
PET see positron emission tomography (PET)
pharmacological agents, attention, 6
PHFSS (paired helical filaments), 41, 42f
phonological dysgraphia, 83t, 84
phonological dyslexia, 79t, 82
phonology, 68–9
store of, 9f
physical examination, 117–20
cranial nerve signs, 117–18
frontal release signs, 118–19
gait and balance, 120
motor system, 119
sensory system, 119–20
see also history taking
Pick bodies, 46
Pick’s disease see frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), 46
planning, 24
frontotemporal dementia behaviour patterns, 49
PNFA see progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA)
position discrimination, Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, 255
positron emission tomography (PET)
Alzheimer’s disease, 46
aphasia, 66
frontotemporal dementia, 50
logopenic progressive aphasia, 54
progressive non-fluent aphasia, 54
posterior superior temporal lobe (Wernicke’s area) see Wernicke’s area
postural arm drift, 119
pouting, 118
PPA see primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
PPL (parahippocampal place area), 102
PPV (positive predictive value), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 181
praxis testing, 135, 142, 143f
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised, 185–6
prefrontal cortex
attention, 5
dorsolateral, 27
frontal lobes, 27, 27f
medial prefrontal cortex, 27
neglect phenomena, 90
premotor area, frontal lobes, 27f
presenilin 1 (PSEM1) gene, 41
primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 50–4
logopenic progressive aphasia, 54
progressive non-fluent aphasia, 53–4
semantic dementia, 51–3
see also semantic dementia
priming, implicit (procedural) memory, 22
procedural memory see implicit (procedural) memory
progranulin (GRN) gene, 47
progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), 53–4
case study, 198–200, 200t
progressive prosopagnosia and personality change (right temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia), 204–6, 206t
progressive silhouette, 253
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 57
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 159f, 163
case study, 208–10, 210t
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, 158, 159f
Mini-Mental State Examination, 156
subcortical dementia, 40
prosody (melodic line), 67–8, 88t
spontaneous speech, 136
prosopagnosia (face recognition), 98–100, 99f
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 187
complex visuoperceptual abilities and agnosias, 149–50, 151
progressive, 204–6, 206t
tests for, 100
proverbs
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 183
frontal executive function testing, 132
PSEM1 (presenilin 1) gene, 41
pseudobulbar palsy, 65
pseudodementia, 57–8
depressive see depressive pseudodementia
PSP see progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
psychiatric disorders, aphasia, 65
Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA), 78
psychomotor behaviour, delirium, 34–5
pure alexia (alexia without agraphia), 78–80, 79t, 80f
Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (Pearson Assessment), 239, 240f, 241
progressive non-fluent aphasia, 53
semantic dementia, 52
semantic memory, 22, 129b
raphe nucleus, attention, 4
rapidly progressive dementia, 58, 59t
Raven’s Progressive and Coloured Progressive Matrices (Harcourt Assessment Resources Inc.), 25, 241
RAVLT see Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
RBMT see Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Second Edition (RBMT-II) (Pearson Assessment)
reaction time, 226
reading and writing, 70–1, 139–40, 140–1
angular gyrus, 67
dual-route model, 70–1, 71f
patient interview, 108–9
reading ability tests, 82
reading disorders see dyslexia
reading errors, 140
triangle model, 71, 72f
writing ability tests, 84
see also dysgraphias; dyslexia; language; neurolinguistics; spelling (orthography); words
Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, 29
Recognition Memory Test (RMT) (Pearson Assessment), 241–2
anterograde non-verbal memory, 128
remote memory, 182–3
repetition
aphasia classification, 73
language, 138–9
representational mode, neglect phenomena, 91–2, 92f
response inhibition, frontal executive functions, 131t, 132–4, 133f
reticular system, neglect phenomena, 90
reticulothalamic cortical pathway, attention, 4
retrograde amnesia, 15
retrograde memory
cognitive function bedside testing, 126t, 128–9
delirium, 32
patient interview, 108
tests for, 19
retrosplenial cortex, episodic memory, 10
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), 242–3, 243b
anterograde verbal memory, 127
Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Pearson Assessment), 243–4, 244f, 245b, 246b
anterograde non-verbal memory, 128
constructional disorders, 94
visuospatial and constructional ability, 148, 149f
right hemisphere, 142, 144–51
cognitive function bedside testing see cognitive function bedside testing
complex visuoperceptual abilities and agnosias, 144, 149–50
extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 144, 145–6, 146f, 147f
language, 67–8, 68t
neglect dyslexia and dysgraphia, 144, 146–7
personal neglect, 142, 144
sensory neglect, 142, 144–5
visual object agnosia, 150–1
visuospatial and constructional ability, 144, 148, 148f, 149f
right hemisphere damage deficits, 87–100, 88t
Balint’s syndrome, 88t
colour perception disorders, 88t
complex visuospatial defects, 88t
constructional disorders, 88t
dressing apraxia, 88t, 144, 147
face processing defects, 88t
neglect phenomena see neglect phenomena
topographical disorientation, 88t
vigilance/arousal disorders, 88t
right homonymous hemianopia, alexia without agraphia (pure alexia), 79
right–left disorientation, Gerstmann’s syndrome, 85
Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Second Edition (RBMT-II) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 244, 246–7
anterograde non-verbal memory, 128
anterograde verbal memory, 127
RMT see Recognition Memory Test (RMT) (Pearson Assessment)
route finding, 111
Schnoll Graded Word Reading Test, 239
selective attention, 2
semantic dementia
behaviour changes, 52
case study, 202–4, 204t
category fluency, 52
comprehension, 51–2
imaging, 52–3
primary progressive aphasia, 51–3
tests for, 52
semantic memory, 6–7, 7t, 8f, 19–22
anatomy, 19
central amodal (hub-and-spoke model), 19–20, 20f
cognitive function bedside testing, 129–30, 129b
disorders of, 21
patient interview, 107, 108
tests of, 21–2
semantics, neurolinguistics, 69
sensory interactions, 120
sensory neglect, 89–90
cognitive function bedside testing, 142, 144–5
sensory system, physical examination, 119–20
sentence (syntactic) comprehension, 138
septal nucleus, episodic memory, 10
set shifting, frontal executive functions, 131t, 132–4, 133f
shapes test, Doors and People Test, 235
short-term (working) memory, 8–10, 8f
Alzheimer’s disease stage 1, 43
amnesic syndrome, 15, 16
definition, 125
delirium vs. dementia, 60t
frontal lobe, 18–19
model of, 9f
subcomponents, 9
tests of, 10
silhouette, 253
similarities
frontal executive function testing, 132
Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
simultanagnosia, Balint’s syndrome, 101
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Alzheimer’s disease, 46
frontotemporal dementia, 50
logopenic progressive aphasia, 54
progressive non-fluent aphasia, 54
single-word comprehension, 137–8
sleep–wake cycle
delirium, 34, 61t
dementia, 61t
SMA see supplementary motor area (SMA)
smell, physical examination, 117
social cognition, 2t, 25–7
social conduct, 111–12
Social Faux Pas Test, 29
somatic markers, orbital cortex, 26
space perception, 254–5
spatial addition tests, 258
spatial dyscalculia, 85
spatial memory, 258
spatial (neglect) dyspraxia, 82–3, 83t
spatial orientation, 110
spatial working memory, 227
SPECT see single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
speech production
delirium vs. dementia, 61t
semantic memory, 22
spontaneous speech, 135–6
see also articulation; language
spelling (orthography), 70
oral spelling, 141
see also language; reading and writing
spontaneous speech, 135–6
spontaneous writing, 141
standardized mental test schedules, 153–62
demography, 154
development of, 154
ethnicity, 154–5
first language problems, 154–5
Star Cancellation Test, 223
stockings of Cambridge, 227
Stop Signal Task, 229
stork manoeuvre, 120
Story Recall (Logical Memory), 247–8, 247b
strokes
amnestic, bilateral thalamic infarction, 216–18, 217t
mutism, 65
Stroop Tests, 248, 249f
attention, 6
structural disorders
attention, 5
frontal lobe, 28
subcortical dementia, 37, 39–41, 39t, 40, 40t
subiculum, episodic memory, 10
Supermarket Fluency Test, 132
supplementary motor area (SMA), 27
limb kinetic apraxia, 86
supramarginal gyrus
aphasia, 67f
conduction aphasia, 76
surface (lexical) dysgraphia, 83t, 84
surface dyslexia, 79t, 81
sustained attention (vigilance), 2
SYDBAT see Sydney Language Battery (SYDBAT)
Sydney Language Battery (SYDBAT), 248–50
symbol span, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 258
syntactic (grammatical) spontaneous speech, 136
syntax comprehension, 69–70
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, 185
tactile hallucinations, delirium, 34
tactile naming, visual object agnosia, 150
tactile neglect, 145
TAR DNA binding protein (TDP), 47
tau-positive cases of frontotemporal dementia, 46–7
TEA see Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) (Pearson Assessment)
telephone search dual task, 250–1
temporal judgement, 222
temporal lobe
medial see medial temporal lobe
progressive prosopagnosia and personality change, 204–6, 206t
right anterior, atrophy of, 99–100
10-item Hodgkinson Mental test, 153
Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG-II) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 251
sentence (syntactic) comprehension, 138
Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) (Pearson Assessment), 250–1
attention, 6
thalamus
attention, 5
bilateral infarction, 216–18, 217t
episodic memory, 10, 11f
neglect phenomena, 90, 91
theory of mind, 26
thinking
delirium, 33, 61t
dementia, 61t
TMA see transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)
Token Test (PRO-ED Inc.), 78, 251
topographical disorientation, 88t, 101–2, 102t
anterograde spatial recognition, 102t
egocentric disorientation, 102t
landmark agnosia, 102t
Tower of London test, 25, 29
Trail Making Test, 251–2, 252b
attention, 6
frontal lobe disfunction, 29
response inhibition/set shifting, 133
transcortical motor aphasia (TMA), 76
classification, 72t
transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), 76–7
classification, 72t
transient amnesia, 12–15
transient epileptic amnesia, 218–20, 219t
transient global amnesia, 13–15
triangle model, reading and writing, 71, 72f
TROG see Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG-II) (Pearson Assessment)
TSA see transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)
vascular dementia (VaD), 40, 55
vascular disorders, frontal lobe, 28
Verbal Fluency Tests, 130–2
Letter and Category Fluency, 252–3
verbal tests
anterograde episodic amnesia, 18
verbal paired associates test, 258
verbal recall, 235
verbal recognition memory, 228, 235
verbal scales subtests, 256
see also non-verbal tests
vigilance (sustained attention), 2
vision, physical examination, 117–18
visual agnosia
apperceptive, 95–6, 96t, 150
associative, 96t, 150
visual confrontation naming, 249
visual hallucinations
delirium, 34
patient interview, 114
visual identification, 150
visual memory, 235, 258
visual neglect, 145
visual object agnosia, 94–8, 95f
apperceptive visual agnosia, 95–6, 96t
associative visual agnosia, 96–7, 96t
cognitive function bedside testing, 150–1, 151t
tests for, 98
Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VSOP) (Pearson Assessment), 94, 253–5, 254f
visual paired associates, 258
visual perception, 111
visual puzzles, Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale, 256
visual search tasks
extrapersonal (hemispatial neglect), 145
matching to sample, 226
visual (visuospatial) sketchpad, 9, 9f
visuospatial ability testing, 144, 148, 148f, 149f
visual-spatial working memory, 258
vocabulary, 256
VSOP (Visual Object and Space Perception Battery) (Pearson Assessment), 94, 253–5, 254f
WAB (Western Aphasia Battery) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 258–9
WAIS-III see Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-III) (Pearson Assessment)
WAIS-R see Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-III) (Pearson Assessment)
WCST see Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Pearson Assessment)
Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R & WAIS-IV) (Pearson Assessment), 255–7, 257–9
constructional disorders, 94
perceptual reasoning subtests, 356
processing speed, 257
verbal scales subtests, 256
working memory subtests, 256
Wechlser Memory Scale (WMS) (Pearson Assessment), 19, 257–8
anterograde verbal memory, 127
Logical Memory Subtest, 247
Wernicke’s aphasia, 66, 67f, 74–5
anatomy, 75
central (linguistic) dysgraphia, 83
classification, 72t
Wernicke’s area, 66, 67f
Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) (Pearson Assessment), 78, 258–9
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Pearson Assessment), 25, 259–60, 260f
frontal lobe disfunction, 29
response inhibition/set shifting, 133
vascular dementia, 55
WMS see Wechlser Memory Scale (WMS) (Pearson Assessment)
WMS (Wechsler Memory Scale) (Pearson Assessment), 257–8
word-to-picture matching, semantic memory, 22
working memory see short-term (working) memory
writing see reading and writing
young-onset dementia, 60
frontotemporal dementia, 47
see also early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
zoo map, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome, 222–3