Chapter 01

A General Theoretical Framework

Arousal and Attention

Applied anatomy

Tests of attention

Memory

Introduction

Short-term (working) memory

Tests of working memory

Episodic memory

Applied anatomy

Disorders of episodic memory: transient amnesia and the amnesic syndrome

Transient amnesia

Frontal lobe: attention, working memory, and the temporal aspects of episodic memory

Tests of anterograde episodic memory

Tests of retrograde memory

Semantic memory

Disorders of semantic memory

Tests of semantic memory

Semantic Memory Test Battery

Implicit memory

Higher-Order Cognitive Function, Personality, and Behaviour

Cognitive functions attributed to the frontal lobes

Executive abilities

Motivation, inhibitory control, and social cognition

Frontal lobes: applied anatomy

Disorders of frontal lobe function

Tests of frontal lobe function

Chapter 02

Introduction

Delirium

Attention and memory

Thinking

Disorders of perception

The sleep–wake cycle

Psychomotor behaviour, emotion, and mood

Clouding of consciousness

Causes of delirium

Epidemiology and predisposing factors

Pathogenesis

Dementia

Causes of dementia

Cortical versus subcortical dementia

Common causes

Potentially reversible causes

Other rare or untreatable causes

Alzheimer’s disease

Stage 1: mild cognitive impairment

Stage 2: mild-to-moderate dementia

Stage 3: advanced dementia

Atypical Alzheimer’s disease

Neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s disease

Frontotemporal dementia

Behavioural (frontal) presentation

Primary progressive aphasia

Vascular dementia

Huntington’s disease

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Progressive supranuclear palsy

Pseudodementia

Rapidly progressive dementia

Imaging in the dementias

Young-onset dementia

Differential Diagnosis of Delirium and Dementia

Chapter 03

Introduction

Language

Aphasia

Causes of aphasia

Causes of mutism

Cerebral dominance for language

Applied anatomy

The minor hemisphere and language

Neurolinguistics made simple

Theories of reading and writing

Classifying aphasia syndromes

Common aphasic syndromes: Broca’s, Wernicke’s Conduction, Transcortical, and Anomic

Formal tests of language

Disorders of Reading: The Dyslexias

Peripheral dyslexias

Alexia without agraphia (pure alexia)

Neglect dyslexia

Central (linguistic) dyslexias

Surface dyslexia

Deep dyslexia

Phonological dyslexia

Tests of reading ability

Disorders of Writing: The Dysgraphias

Dyspraxic dysgraphia

Spatial or neglect dysgraphia

Central (linguistic) dysgraphias

Lexical (surface) dysgraphia

Deep dysgraphia

Phonological dysgraphia

Tests of writing ability

Syndromes of Calculating Impairment

Acalculia, anarithmetria, and spatial dyscalculia

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Disorders of Praxis: The Apraxias

Limb kinetic apraxia

Ideomotor apraxia

Ideational or conceptual apraxia

Orobuccal (oral) apraxia

Damage to Specialized Right Hemisphere Functions

Neglect phenomena

Personal neglect

Motor and sensory neglect

Extrapersonal neglect

Applied anatomy and causes of neglect

Mechanisms of neglect

Attentional model

Representational model

Tests for unilateral neglect

Dressing apraxia

Constructional disorders

Tests of constructional ability

Complex visuoperceptual abilities

Visual object agnosia

Apperceptive visual agnosia

Associative visual agnosia

Optic aphasia

Tests for the detection and classification of visual object agnosias

Prosopagnosia

Tests of face processing

Achromatopsia, Colour Agnosia, and Colour Anomia

Tests of colour processing

Balint’s syndrome

Topographical disorientation

Chapter 04

The Patient Interview

Suggested structure of interview

Beginning

Reason for referral

Open-ended questioning

Direct questions

1. Memory

Attention and concentration

Episodic memory

Semantic memory

Suggested areas of enquiry

2. Language

Language production

Language comprehension

Reading

Writing

3. Numerical skills

4. Executive abilities

5. Visuospatial skills

Dressing ability

Constructional deficits

Spatial orientation

6. Neglect phenomena

Neglect of space

Bodily neglect

7. Visual perception

Misidentification

Agnosia

8. Route finding and landmark identification

9. Personality and social conduct

10 Eating, appetite, and food preference

11. Mood

12. Motivation

13. Anxiety and agitation

14. Delusions and hallucinations

15. Activities of daily living

The Informant Interview

What were the first observed problems?

Was the onset acute, insidious, or stuttering?

Situation-based problems

Impact on the family and personal relationships

Family History

Past Medical History

Alcohol Intake

Tips on Physical Examination

Cranial nerve signs

Smell

Vision

Eye movements

Frontal release signs

Motor system

Postural arm drift

Involuntary movements

Sensory system

Astereognosis

Graphaesthesia

Sensory inattention

Gait and balance

The ‘stork’ manoeuvre

Chapter 05

Introduction

General Observations

Orientation and Attention

Alertness

Orientation

Time

Place

Attention/concentration

Digit span

Episodic Memory

Anterograde verbal memory

Name and address recall

Formal assessment

Anterograde non-verbal memory

Retrograde memory

Semantic Memory

Frontal Executive Functions

Initiation: verbal fluency tests

Abstraction: proverbs, similarities, and cognitive estimates

Response inhibition and set shifting

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Alternating Sequences Test

Go–No-Go Test

Trail Making Test

Motor Sequencing: The Luria Three-Step Test and the Alternating Hand Movements Test

Dominant (Left) Hemisphere Functions

Language

Spontaneous speech

Naming

Comprehension

Repetition

Reading

Writing

Calculation

Number reading and writing

Arithmetic operations

Praxis

Right Hemisphere Functions

Personal neglect

Manifestations of personal (bodily) neglect

Sensory neglect

Extrapersonal (hemispatial) neglect

Neglect dyslexia and dysgraphia

Dressing apraxia

Visuospatial and constructional ability

Complex visuoperceptual abilities and the agnosias

Visual object agnosia

Prosopagnosia

Chapter 06

Introduction

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)

Cambridge Cognitive Examination—Revised (CAMCOG-R)

Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)

Chapter 07

Introduction

Normative Data

Additional Material for Particular Cases

Remote memory

Frontal executive function

1. Abstraction: proverb interpretation

2. Similarities

3. Go–no-go

4. Motor sequencing

5. Cognitive estimates test

Language

1. Speech production

2. Repeat and define

3. Comprehension of grammar/syntax

Calculation

Praxis

1. Buccofacial: first to command and then after imitation of examiner

2. Limb

Neglect phenomena

Complex visuoperceptual abilities and prosopagnosia

1. Object agnosia

2. Prosopagnosia

Chapter 08

Introduction

Case 1. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

Case 2. Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease

Case 3. Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease

Case 4. Depressive Pseudodementia

Case 5. Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

Case 6. Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia (PNFA)

Case 7. Logopenic Progressive Aphasia (LPA)

Case 8. Semantic Dementia

Case 9. Progressive Prosopagnosia and Personality Change (Right Temporal Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia)

Case 10. Corticobasal Degeneration

Case 11. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)

Case 12. Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Case 13. Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease (Posterior Cortical Atrophy)

Case 14. Huntington’s Disease

Case 15. Amnestic Stroke: Bilateral Thalamic Infarction

Case 16. Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA)

Appendix

The Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) (Pearson Assessment)

Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Pearson Assessment)

The Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) (Pearson Assessment)

The Boston Naming Test (BNT) (Harcourt Assessment Resources, Inc.)

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT and CVLT-11) (Pearson Assessment)

Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery CANtab (Cambridge Cognition)

Cambridge Semantic Memory Test Battery

Cognitive Estimates Test

Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) (Pearson Assessment)

Digit Span

Doors and People Test (Pearson Assessment)

The Graded Naming Test (GNT) (Cambridge Cognition)

Hayling and Brixton Test (Pearson Assessment)

Judgement of Line Orientation Test (JLO) (PAR inc)

The National Adult Reading Test: Second Edition (NART)

Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Brain Metric Software)

Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (Pearson Assessment)

Raven’s Progressive and Coloured Progressive Matrices (Harcourt Assessment Resources, Inc.)

Recognition Memory Test (RMT) (Pearson Assessment)

Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)

Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Pearson Assessment)

Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Second Edition (RBMT-II) (Pearson Assessment)

Story Recall (Logical Memory)

Stroop Tests

Sydney Language Battery (SYDBAT)

Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) (Pearson Assessment)

Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG-II) (Pearson Assessment)

The Token Test (PRO-ED, Inc.)

Trail Making Test

Verbal Fluency Tests: Letter and Category Fluency

The Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP) (Pearson Assessment)

Object recognition

Space perception

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R and WAIS-IV) (Pearson Assessment)

Verbal scales subtests

Perceptual reasoning subtests

Working memory subtests

Processing speed

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS-R) and Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (WMS-IV) (Pearson Assessment)

Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) (Pearson Assessment)

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Pearson Assessment)

Addresses of Publishers

Selected Further Reading

Key ACE-Related publications

Index